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    ํ•™๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜, ํ•™๋ ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™”, ๊ต์‹ค๋‚ด ๋‹จ์ ˆ๊ฐ ์‹ฌํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๊น€์„ํ˜ธ.The attempt to incorporate Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which is represented by computer hardware, software and the internet, into schooling was a worldwide educational innovation movement from the end of the 20th century to the present, and South Korea joined it in earnest from the late 1990s. However, in contrast to the optimism of many in education circles about digitalization or computerization of school classrooms, especially with some 'optimistic consensus' centered on so-called techno-optimism, it largely remains as a puzzle whether ICT is truly a beneficial educational tool, and some critiques from so-called techno-skepticism are still in the works. In this situation, this study attempts a series of empirical analysis and theoretical explanations on the educational effects of ICT, applying the approach called Educational Effectiveness Research (EER). This study analyzes international educational assessment data (TIMMS, PIRLS) of the 2010s, which examined the academic achievement of fourth graders worldwide and their overall family/school life. The independent/moderating variable is the frequency of computer use in the school classroom of fourth graders, and the dependent variables are their reading achievement score, and satisfaction scores on interpersonal relationships in classrooms. Following the typical approach of EER, this study establishes the framework of analysis of three educational effects: academic level effect, academic gap effect and interpersonal relationship effect. And after empirically deriving three effects of lowering achievement level, narrowing achievement gap and deepening sense of disconnectedness in classrooms, the theoretical explanation for each effect is presented. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows. โ—ผThe daily use of computers in school classrooms is found to have consistently negative effects on students' achievement level in most countries, which account for 80 percent of the surveyed. โ—ผHowever, such use is shown to narrow achievement gap of advantaged & disadvantaged children in many countries, which account for 40 percent of the surveyed. The two academic effects, which diverge in negative and positive directions respectively, are combined into a scenario called downward leveling. โ—ผIf the focus is shifted from academic achievement to interpersonal relationship, it is found in many countries, which account for 40 percent of the surveyed, that the greater the school-average days-per-week of computer use, the lower the satisfaction score on student-student relationship in classrooms. In other words, another result of digitalizing school classrooms is the deepening sense of disconnectedness in classrooms. After completing the empirical analysis of the above, this study presents a theoretical explanation for each effect. In this process, the main results of arguments between techno-optimism and techno-skepticism on the educational effects of ICT are combined with the main theories of EER. โ—ผIn the case of the effect of lowering achievement level, this study reaffirms the practical validity of the critical grounds of techno-skepticism, from the perpectives of resources inefficiency theory and academic climate theory. โ—ผIn the case of the effect of narrowing achievement gap, the 'digital divide' issue is approached from the perspective of cultural deficiency theory, and some positive effects of computer use in school classrooms are discussed. โ—ผIn the case of the effect of deepening sense of disconnectedness in classrooms, the two contradictory directions raised within techno-optimism - personalization versus cooperativization of education - are discussed from the perspective of school community theory. An explanation then is given that the former's dominance over the latter is causing the effect. As the title, "The Bright and Dark Sides of Digitalizing School Classrooms" suggests, the analysis of this study identifies both positive and negative effects, but in reality, negative effects are predominant in the long run. The conclusion draws a certain policy implication from this, calling for a more cautious, rigorous approach to ICT in schools.์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด, ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ (ICT)์„ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์œก์— ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋Š” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฒ”์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„๋œ ๊ต์œกํ˜์‹  ์šด๋™์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ๋„ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์— ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”(digitalization) ๋˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐํ™”(computerization)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ณ„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‚™๊ด€์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€, ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก (techno-optimism)์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์ข…์˜ ๋‚™๊ด€์  ์ปจ์„ผ์„œ์Šค์™€๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ICT๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ตํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹น๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์•„์ง ๋ฏธ์ง€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšŒ์˜๋ก (techno-skepticism)์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(EER)๋ผ๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค, ICT์˜ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ICT์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€์น˜, ํšจ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ดˆ๋“ฑ 4ํ•™๋…„์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ •โ€งํ•™๊ต์ƒํ™œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๋ ฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ(TIMMS, PIRLS)๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑ 4ํ•™๋…„์ƒ์˜ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค ๋‚ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋นˆ๋„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ตญ์–ด์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ œโ€ง๊ต์šฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํ•™๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€ํšจ๊ณผ(achievement level effect), ํ•™๋ ฅ๊ฒฉ์ฐจํšจ๊ณผ(achievement gap effect), ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„ํšจ๊ณผ(interpersonal relationship effect)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‹€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜, ํ•™๋ ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™”, ๊ต์‹ค๋‚ด ๋‹จ์ ˆ๊ฐ ์‹ฌํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ํ›„, ๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. โ—ผํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ (ๆ—ฅๅธธ็š„) ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์ „์ฒด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตญ ์ค‘ 80%์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜(ๅญธๅŠ›ไฝŽไธ‹)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ๋‹ค. โ—ผ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์ „์ฒด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตญ ์ค‘ 40%์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•™๋ ฅ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ, ํ•™๋ ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™”(ๅญธๅŠ›ๅนณๆบ–ๅŒ–)์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•™๋ ฅํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธ์ •์  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์–‘์ž์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€ ํ•˜ํ–ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™”(ไธ‹ๅ‘ๅนณๆบ–ๅŒ–)๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„์ธ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ•™๋ ฅํ–ฅ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ „์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ—ผํ•œํŽธ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ํ•™๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ „์ฒด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตญ ์ค‘ 40%์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ ํ•™๊ตํ‰๊ท  ์ฃผ๊ฐ„์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ผ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ต์šฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•™๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•˜ํ–ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™”์™€ ๋ณ‘์กดํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ต์‹ค๋‚ด ๋‹จ์ ˆ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹ฌํ™”๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ICT์˜ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์ด๋ก ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ‘๋ชฉ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. โ—ผํ•™๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•™๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์›๋ฌดํšจ๋ก (resources ineffectiveness theory) ๋ฐ ๋ฉดํ•™ํ’ํ† ๋ก (academic climate theory)์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. โ—ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ•™๋ ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•™๋ ฅ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฒฐํ•๋ก (cultural deprivation theory)์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ(digital divide) ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด, ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ด์— ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค. โ—ผํ•œํŽธ ๊ต์‹ค๋‚ด ๋‹จ์ ˆ๊ฐ ์‹ฌํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ก (school community theory)์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ด, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก  ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ, ์ฆ‰ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”(personalization) ๋Œ€ ํ˜‘๋™ํ™”(cooperativization)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ›„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์šฐ์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋น›๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž[ๆ˜Žๆš—]๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ถ€์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹๋ณ„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ICT์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ: ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ต์œกํ˜์‹  ์šด๋™ ์ด๋ฉด์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 4 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก : ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์„ ๋„ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  8 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์˜ ๋„์ „๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ 12 ์ œ5์ ˆ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ 16 ์ œ6์ ˆ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ICT๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณผ์ œ 17 ์ œ7์ ˆ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ: ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€, ํ•™๋ ฅ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ,์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 19 ์ œ8์ ˆ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 24 ์ œ2์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€: ํ•™๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€ํšจ๊ณผ, ํ•™๋ ฅ๊ฒฉ์ฐจํšจ๊ณผ, ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„ํšจ๊ณผ 25 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ•™๋ ฅ(ๅญธๅŠ›) ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ์œ„์ƒ 27 ์ œ3์ ˆ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ž์›๋ฌดํšจ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋ฉดํ•™ํ’ํ† ๋ก  29 ์ œ4์ ˆ ํ•™๋ ฅ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฒฐํ•๋ก  33 ์ œ5์ ˆ ํ•™๋ ฅํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 36 ์ œ6์ ˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ํ•™๊ต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ก  40 ์ œ3์žฅ ICT์˜ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ1์ ˆ ICT์˜ ๊ต์œกํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ: ํ•™๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€ํšจ๊ณผ, ํ•™๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€ํšจ๊ณผ, ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„ํšจ๊ณผ 43 ์ œ2์ ˆ ICT์˜ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€ํšจ๊ณผ: ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์˜ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์Ÿ์ ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚œ์  43 ์ œ3์ ˆ ICT์˜ ํ•™๋ ฅ๊ฒฉ์ฐจํšจ๊ณผ: ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ํ•™์Šต๊ธฐํšŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ผ๋Š” ์Ÿ์  48 ์ œ4์ ˆ ICT์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„ํšจ๊ณผ: ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก  ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ 52 ์ œ5์ ˆ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ถ„์„: ํ•™๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜, ํ•™๋ ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™”, ๊ต์‹ค๋‚ด ๋‹จ์ ˆ๊ฐ ์‹ฌํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ์˜์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช… 55 ์ œ4์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ 57 (1) TIMSS, PIRLS ๊ฐœ์š” 57 (2) ํ•™๋ ฅํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ: TIMSS & PIRLS 2011 58 (3) ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ: TIMSS 2015 59 (4) ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ 59 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 59 (1) ๊ตญ์–ด์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ 59 (2) ์‚ฌ์ œโ€ง๊ต์šฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ 61 (3) ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋นˆ๋„ 66 (4) ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ โ€ง์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์š”์ธ 67 (5) ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ 68 (6) ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 68 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ชจํ˜• 69 (1) ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‚ด์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ค€(ๆบ–)๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์  ์ ‘๊ทผ 69 (2) ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒโ€งํ•˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์„ ํ˜•ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ชจํ˜• 73 (3) ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• ์ •๋ฆฌ 74 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ • 77 (1) ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ OLS ์ถ”์ • 77 (2) ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™”๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ตฐ์ง‘-๊ฐ•๊ฑดํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 78 (3) ๊ฒฐ์ธก์ž๋ฃŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์ • 80 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”์˜ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 83 (1) ํ•™๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ 83 (2) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… 87 (3) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์œ„๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…๋‹จ์  ๋ถ„์„ 90 (4) ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ๋ฌธํ•ด๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋งค์ฒดํšจ๊ณผ ํ™•์ธ 94 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”์˜ ํ•™๋ ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ 96 (1) ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•™๋ ฅ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ 96 (2) ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•™๋ ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ 98 (3) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… 106 (4) ํ•™๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•™๋ ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ: ํ•˜ํ–ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™” 108 ์ œ3์ ˆ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”์˜ ๊ต์‹ค๋‚ด ๋‹จ์ ˆ๊ฐ ์‹ฌํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ 111 (1) ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ œ๊ด€๊ณ„๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ 111 (2) ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ต์šฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ 116 (3) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… 117 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช… 119 (1) ํ•™๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜ ํšจ๊ณผ: ์ž์›๋ฌดํšจ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋ฉดํ•™ํ’ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š”๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ 119 (2) ํ•™๋ ฅํ‰์ค€ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ: ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฒฐํ•๋ก ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์‹ค ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ธก๋ฉด 121 (3) ๊ต์‹ค๋‚ด ๋‹จ์ ˆ๊ฐ ์‹ฌํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ: ํ•™๊ต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” ๋Œ€ํ˜‘๋™ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 124 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 127 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 129 ์ œ3์ ˆ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 132Docto
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