35 research outputs found
κ³ μ DRAM μΈν°νμ΄μ€λ₯Ό μν μ μ λ° μ¨λμ λκ°ν ν΄λ‘ ν¨μ€μ μμ μ€λ₯ κ΅μ κΈ° μ€κ³
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Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : 곡과λν μ κΈ°Β·μ 보곡νλΆ, 2021. 2. μ λκ· .To cope with problems caused by the high-speed operation of the dynamic random access memory (DRAM) interface, several approaches are proposed that are focused on the clock path of the DRAM. Two delay-locked loop (DLL) based schemes, a forwarded-clock (FC) receiver (RX) with self-tracking loop and a quadrature error corrector, are proposed. Moreover, an open-loop based scheme is presented for drift compensation in the clock distribution. The open-loop scheme consumes less power consumption and reduces design complexity.
The FC RX uses DLLs to compensate for voltage and temperature (VT) drift in unmatched memory interfaces. The self-tracking loop consists of two-stage cascaded DLLs to operate in a DRAM environment. With the write training and the proposed DLL, the timing relationship between the data and the sampling clock is always optimal. The proposed scheme compensates for delay drift without relying on data transitions or re-training. The proposed FC RX is fabricated in 65-nm CMOS process and has an active area containing 4 data lanes of 0.0329 mm2. After the write training is completed at the supply voltage of 1 V, the measured timing margin remains larger than 0.31-unit interval (UI) when the supply voltage drifts in the range of 0.94 V and 1.06 V from the training voltage, 1 V. At the data rate of 6.4 Gb/s, the proposed FC RX achieves an energy efficiency of 0.45 pJ/bit.
Contrary to the aforementioned scheme, an open-loop-based voltage drift compensation method is proposed to minimize power consumption and occupied area. The overall clock distribution is composed of a current mode logic (CML) path and a CMOS path. In the proposed scheme, the architecture of the CML-to-CMOS converter (C2C) and the inverter is changed to compensate for supply voltage drift. The bias generator provides bias voltages to the C2C and inverters according to supply voltage for delay adjustment. The proposed clock tree is fabricated in 40 nm CMOS process and the active area is 0.004 mm2. When the supply voltage is modulated by a sinusoidal wave with 1 MHz, 100 mV peak-to-peak swing from the center of 1.1 V, applying the proposed scheme reduces the measured root-mean-square (RMS) jitter from 3.77 psRMS to 1.61 psRMS. At 6 GHz output clock, the power consumption of the proposed scheme is 11.02 mW.
A DLL-based quadrature error corrector (QEC) with a wide correction range is proposed for the DRAM whose clocks are distributed over several millimeters. The quadrature error is corrected by adjusting delay lines using information from the phase error detector. The proposed error correction method minimizes increased jitter due to phase error correction by setting at least one of the delay lines in the quadrature clock path to the minimum delay. In addition, the asynchronous calibration on-off scheme reduces power consumption after calibration is complete. The proposed QEC is fabricated in 40 nm CMOS process and has an active area of 0.048 mm2. The proposed QEC exhibits a wide correctable error range of 101.6 ps and the remaining phase errors are less than 2.18Β° from 0.8 GHz to 2.3 GHz clock. At 2.3 GHz, the QEC contributes 0.53 psRMS jitter. Also, at 2.3 GHz, the power consumption is reduced from 8.89 mW to 3.39 mW when the calibration is off.λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ λμ λλ€ μ‘μΈμ€ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬ (DRAM)μ μλκ° μ¦κ°ν¨μ λ°λΌ ν΄λ‘ ν¨μ€μμ λ°μν μ μλ λ¬Έμ μ λμ²νκΈ° μν μΈ κ°μ§ νλ‘λ€μ μ μνμλ€. μ μν νλ‘λ€ μ€ λ λ°©μλ€μ μ§μ°λ기루ν (delay-locked loop) λ°©μμ μ¬μ©νμκ³ λλ¨Έμ§ ν λ°©μμ λ©΄μ κ³Ό μ λ ₯ μλͺ¨λ₯Ό μ€μ΄κΈ° μν΄ μ€ν 루ν λ°©μμ μ¬μ©νμλ€. DRAMμ λΉμ ν© μμ κΈ° ꡬ쑰μμ λ°μ΄ν° ν¨μ€μ ν΄λ‘ ν¨μ€ κ°μ μ§μ° λΆμΌμΉλ‘ μΈν΄ μ μ λ° μ¨λ λ³νμ λ°λΌ μ
μ
νμ λ° νλ νμμ΄ μ€μ΄λλ λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό ν΄κ²°νκΈ° μν΄ μ§μ°λ기루νλ₯Ό μ¬μ©νμλ€. μ μν μ§μ°λ기루ν νλ‘λ DRAM νκ²½μμ λμνλλ‘ λ κ°μ μ§μ°λ기루νλ‘ λλμλ€. λν μ΄κΈ° μ°κΈ° νλ ¨μ ν΅ν΄ λ°μ΄ν°μ ν΄λ‘μ νμ΄λ° λ§μ§ κ΄μ μμ μ΅μ μ μμΉμ λ μ μλ€. λ°λΌμ μ μνλ λ°©μμ λ°μ΄ν° μ²μ΄ μ λ³΄κ° νμνμ§ μλ€. 65-nm CMOS 곡μ μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ λ§λ€μ΄μ§ μΉ©μ 6.4 Gb/sμμ 0.45 pJ/bitμ μλμ§ ν¨μ¨μ κ°μ§λ€. λν 1 Vμμ μ°κΈ° νλ ¨ λ° μ§μ°λ기루νλ₯Ό κ³ μ μν€κ³ 0.94 Vμμ 1.06 VκΉμ§ κ³΅κΈ μ μμ΄ λ°λμμ λ νμ΄λ° λ§μ§μ 0.31 UIλ³΄λ€ ν° κ°μ μ μ§νμλ€.
λ€μμΌλ‘ μ μνλ νλ‘λ ν΄λ‘ λΆν¬ νΈλ¦¬μμ μ μ λ³νλ‘ μΈν΄ ν΄λ‘ ν¨μ€μ μ§μ°μ΄ λ¬λΌμ§λ κ²μ μμ μ μν λ°©μκ³Ό λ¬λ¦¬ μ€ν 루ν λ°©μμΌλ‘ 보μνμλ€. κΈ°μ‘΄ ν΄λ‘ ν¨μ€μ μΈλ²ν°μ CML-to-CMOS λ³νκΈ°μ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ³κ²½νμ¬ λ°μ΄μ΄μ€ μμ± νλ‘μμ μμ±ν κ³΅κΈ μ μμ λ°λΌ λ°λλ λ°μ΄μ΄μ€ μ μμ κ°μ§κ³ μ§μ°μ μ‘°μ ν μ μκ² νμλ€. 40-nm CMOS 곡μ μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ λ§λ€μ΄μ§ μΉ©μ 6 GHz ν΄λ‘μμμ μ λ ₯ μλͺ¨λ 11.02 mWλ‘ μΈ‘μ λμλ€. 1.1 V μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ 1 MHz, 100 mV νΌν¬ ν¬ νΌν¬λ₯Ό κ°μ§λ μ¬μΈν μ±λΆμΌλ‘ κ³΅κΈ μ μμ λ³μ‘°νμμ λ μ μν λ°©μμμμ μ§ν°λ κΈ°μ‘΄ λ°©μμ 3.77 psRMSμμ 1.61 psRMSλ‘ μ€μ΄λ€μλ€.
DRAMμ μ‘μ κΈ° ꡬ쑰μμ λ€μ€ μμ ν΄λ‘ κ°μ μμ μ€μ°¨λ μ‘μ λ λ°μ΄ν°μ λ°μ΄ν° μ ν¨ μ°½μ κ°μμν¨λ€. μ΄λ₯Ό ν΄κ²°νκΈ° μν΄ μ§μ°λ기루νλ₯Ό λμ
νκ² λλ©΄ μ¦κ°λ μ§μ°μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ μμμ΄ κ΅μ λ ν΄λ‘μμ μ§ν°κ° μ¦κ°νλ€. λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ μ¦κ°λ μ§ν°λ₯Ό μ΅μννκΈ° μν΄ μμ κ΅μ μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ μ¦κ°λ μ§μ°μ μ΅μννλ μμ κ΅μ νλ‘λ₯Ό μ μνμλ€. λν μ ν΄ μνμμ μ λ ₯ μλͺ¨λ₯Ό μ€μ΄κΈ° μν΄ μμ μ€μ°¨λ₯Ό κ΅μ νλ νλ‘λ₯Ό μ
λ ₯ ν΄λ‘κ³Ό λΉλκΈ°μμΌλ‘ λ μ μλ λ°©λ² λν μ μνμλ€. 40-nm CMOS 곡μ μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ λ§λ€μ΄μ§ μΉ©μ μμ κ΅μ λ²μλ 101.6 psμ΄κ³ 0.8 GHz λΆν° 2.3 GHzκΉμ§μ λμ μ£Όνμ λ²μμμ μμ κ΅μ κΈ°μ μΆλ ₯ ν΄λ‘μ μμ μ€μ°¨λ 2.18Β°λ³΄λ€ μλ€. μ μνλ μμ κ΅μ νλ‘λ‘ μΈν΄ μΆκ°λ μ§ν°λ 2.3 GHzμμ 0.53 psRMSμ΄κ³ κ΅μ νλ‘λ₯Ό κ»μ λ μ λ ₯ μλͺ¨λ κ΅μ νλ‘κ° μΌμ‘μ λμΈ 8.89 mWμμ 3.39 mWλ‘ μ€μ΄λ€μλ€.Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Thesis Organization 4
Chapter 2 Background on DRAM Interface 5
2.1 Overview 5
2.2 Memory Interface 7
Chapter 3 Background on DLL 11
3.1 Overview 11
3.2 Building Blocks 15
3.2.1 Delay Line 15
3.2.2 Phase Detector 17
3.2.3 Charge Pump 19
3.2.4 Loop filter 20
Chapter 4 Forwarded-Clock Receiver with DLL-based Self-tracking Loop for Unmatched Memory Interfaces 21
4.1 Overview 21
4.2 Proposed Separated DLL 25
4.2.1 Operation of the Proposed Separated DLL 27
4.2.2 Operation of the Digital Loop Filter in DLL 31
4.3 Circuit Implementation 33
4.4 Measurement Results 37
4.4.1 Measurement Setup and Sequence 38
4.4.2 VT Drift Measurement and Simulation 40
Chapter 5 Open-loop-based Voltage Drift Compensation in Clock Distribution 46
5.1 Overview 46
5.2 Prior Works 50
5.3 Voltage Drift Compensation Method 52
5.4 Circuit Implementation 57
5.5 Measurement Results 61
Chapter 6 Quadrature Error Corrector with Minimum Total Delay Tracking 68
6.1 Overview 68
6.2 Prior Works 70
6.3 Quadrature Error Correction Method 73
6.4 Circuit Implementation 82
6.5 Measurement Results 88
Chapter 7 Conclusion 96
Bibliography 98
μ΄λ‘ 102Docto
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Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : νμ λνμ νμ νκ³Ό(μ μ±
νμ 곡), 2022.2. μ κ΄νΈ.This study was conducted to find out the effect of university closure on the local community economy. Changes in the number of businesses before and after school closures and the number of business workers were compared using the Difference-in-Differences and Wilcoxonβs singed-ranks test for areas where university closures occurred and not. The analysis data are a national business survey by the National Statistical Office, and the analysis unit is set at the city, county, and district level. Among them, the analysis period of the difference analysis was 3 years before school closure and 2 years after school closure, and the Wilcoxon code ranking test was simply compared between 2 years ago and 1 year after school closure based on the year of closure.
The research hypothesis is that the closure of a university has an effect on the local art, sports and leisure-related service industry, beauty and laundry service industry, wholesale and retail business, restaurant business, and pub businesses. In addition, research hypotheses on whether the closure of universities will adversely affect employment in the region were also verified.
The variables that can affect the local economy were considered as regional units, population, elderly population ratio, local government financial independence, whether to move into industrial complexes, and GRDP, and these requirements formed a comparative group similar to the experimental group.
Among them, the difference analysis was conducted only with dependent variables and independent variables, and regional units, population, elderly population ratio, local government financial independence, industrial complex occupancy, number of hypermarkets, and GRDP were set as control variables.
As a result of conducting difference-in-differences methods analysis without substituting control variables, it was difficult to say that it was statistically significant as a result of inconsistent with the research hypothesis. When the control variable was substituted and analyzed, the number of beauty and laundry service businesses and the number of workers in all businesses were consistent with the research hypothesis, but no statistically significant results were derived.
The Wilcoxonβs signed-ranks test results performed for comparison between two years from the time of closure and one year after closure of the school also found that only some of them were significant. If the city, county, and district were not divided and analyzed, the results were not consistent with the research hypothesis, but as a result of subdividing and analyzing by city, county, and district, it was found that there were significant differences in the number of art, sports, and leisure-related service businesses. This is because there was no change in the number of businesses in the comparative group, while there was a difference in the experimental group. However, it was difficult to interpret that the change in the number of businesses and workers by business field was significant.
Through this study, the following policy implications could be derived. First, there may be various opinions on the necessity and method of implementing university restructuring, but a careful approach to university closure is needed because there are clearly business areas that affect the economy of the community and have a negative (-) effect on the number of workers. As explicitly stipulated in Article 62 of the Higher Education Act, university closure should be implemented on a limited basis when there are no other means other than closure. Second, since university closure can negatively affect the employment of local communities, it is necessary to decide more carefully on the closure of universities in areas where job losses occur, and if it is inevitable, the local job revitalization support policy should be considered at the same time. Third, support measures after the closure of universities should prioritize community businesses. Fourth, since most of the closed universities have already been negatively affected by the university structural reform evaluation before school closure, the research results do not seem to be consistent with the research hypothesis. Therefore, research is also needed to verify the negative influence of various factors in the process of transitioning to closed schools, such as evaluating university structural reform, on regional economic vitality from the time before school closure.
The limitations of this study are as follows. First, since there was a limit to the statistics that could be analyzed, more samples are needed in the future, as statistically significant analysis results were not presented much. Second, a longitudinal study is proposed to remove bias according to the time point setting before and after school closure. Third, it seems that qualitative research will be meaningful as a follow-up study to understand the context of each closed school case.λ μ°κ΅¬λ λν νκ΅κ° μ§μμ¬ν κ²½μ μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ μμ보기 μν΄μ μννμλ€. λν νκ΅κ° μΌμ΄λ μ§μκ³Ό κ·Έλ μ§ μμ μ§μμ λν΄ νκ΅ μ ν μ¬μ
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μ 1 μ μ΄μ€μ°¨μ΄λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 48
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2. μ 체 μ¬μ
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3. μκ΅°κ΅¬λ³ λν μ¬νμ μλ₯Ό λ°μν μΆκ° λΆμ 54
μ 2 μ Wilcoxon λΆνΈμμ κ²μ κ²°κ³Ό 57
1. μ¬μ
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2. μ 체 μ¬μ
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3. μκ²° 61
μ 5 μ₯ κ²°λ‘ 64
μ 1 μ μ€μ¦λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό μμ½ 64
1. μ΄μ€μ°¨μ΄λΆμ κ²°κ³Όμ λν λΆμ 65
2. Wilcoxon λΆνΈμμ κ²μ κ²°κ³Όμ λν λΆμ 66
μ 2 μ μ μ±
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μ 3 μ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ νκ³ 70
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 72
Abstract 77μ
μ΄μ±κ²½λ ¨ νμ μ΄λ¨Έλμκ² μ 곡ν μκΈμ€μμμ μ§μ§μ κ°νΈμ€μ¬μ ν¨κ³Ό
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Abstract 98Maste
λΉλ¨μ₯μμ λΉνλ―Ό Eμ λΉνλ―Ό C 보κ°μ΄ κ°κ³Ό μ·μ₯ μ‘°μ§μ νμ°ν νμ±μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μνμμνκ³Ό,1996.Maste
6xHisκ° Taggingλ rOAT3μ Cloningκ³Ό HEK293 Cellsμμμ Expression
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μ μ½νκ³Ό μ½μ κ³Όνμ 곡,2004.Maste
μ λ ₯μ ν΅μ κ°μΉνκ°λ₯Ό ν΅ν ν΅μ νλΆκ΅¬μ‘°λ§ μ§νμ λ΅μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬ : νλ€νΈμνΉμ ν΅ν νκ΅μ κ°μ μ λ§ μ§νμ λ΅μ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :νλκ³Όμ κΈ°μ μ μ±
μ 곡,2004.Maste
Electrochemical and mechanical properties of LiMn2O4 according to particle morphology
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : ννμ물곡νλΆ, 2015. 2. μ€μΉλͺ¨.Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is currently used as a power source in mobile devices and electric vehicles. One of the requirements for those uses is high volumetric energy density and it can be realized by a step in electrode making process called pressing. Pressing can, however, damage active materials with the high pressure applied to them, and this particle breakage phenomenon can cause side effects in LIBs.
In this work, the effect of pressing on particle breakage and LIB performance is studied. Active material used in this study is spinel structured LiMn2O4. Using LiMn2O4 it was confirmed from FE-SEM image, high temperature cycle and storage performance that pressing can induce particle breakage and it can degrade cell performance.
To alleviate this problem, the relation between particle morphology and breaking property was studied. First the effect of morphology was checked in the level of particle by micro compression test. A criterion established from hard carbon system was used to interpret the results of micro compression test. As a result, spherical LiMn2O4 showed more resistance to breakage based on the criterion.
Next, the experiment was performed for electrodes. Electrodes whose active materials are either spherical or non-spherical LiMn2O4s were compared based on FE-SEM images and high temperature storage test. The result agreed with that of micro compression test, showing that spherical LiMn2O4s are more resistant to breakage during pressing and preferable also in respect of electrode performance.
This study has found that particle breakage during pressing should be considered an important factor in LIB using LiMn2O4 as active material and morphology control can handle this problem. Micro compression test was suggested as a tool for studying mechanical properties of LIB active materials with proper criteria. It is expected that the results and methodologies used in the study can also be used for various active materials other than spinel LiMn2O4.Abstract i
List of Figures iii
List of Tables v
1. Introduction 1
2. Background 3
2.1. Fundamentals of lithium-ion batteries 3
2.2. Components of lithium ion batteries 5
2.2.1. Negative electrode materials 5
2.2.1.1. Carbonaceous materials 6
2.2.1.2. Li-alloy materials 7
2.2.2. Positive electrode materials 8
2.2.2.1. Layered structure 8
2.2.2.2. Spinel structure 9
2.2.2.3. Olivine structure 11
2.2.3. Electrolyte 11
2.2.3.1. Organic electrolyte 11
2.2.3.2. Polymer electrolyte 12
3. Experimental 13
3.1. Fabrication of electrode 13
3.2. Fabrication of coin-type cell 14
3.3. Charge-discharge cycling test 14
3.4. Electrode storage test 15
3.5. Synthesis of hard carbon 15
3.5.1. Synthesis of spherical hard carbon 17
3.5.2. Synthesis of non-spherical hard carbon 17
3.6. Micro compression test 18
3.7. Other instrument and analysis method 20
4. Results and discussions 21
4.1. Effect of electrode pressing on LiMn2O4 electrode 21
4.1.1. Confirmation of particle breakage induced by pressing 21
4.1.2. Effect of particle breakage on electrochemical properties at high temperature 24
4.1.3. Effect of particle breakage on manganese dissolution after storage at high temperature 27
4.2. Establishing criterion for breaking property under compression 28
4.2.1 Suggestion of the criterion for breaking property 30
4.2.2 Verification of the criterion for constant Ξ± and St 31
4.2.3 Verification of the criterion for different values of St 34
4.2.4 Verification of the criterion for different values of Ξ± 34
4.3. Effect of morphology on breakage of LiMn2O4 particle under compression 40
4.3.1. Micro compression test on LiMn2O4 particles according to its morphology 40
4.3.2. Effect of morphology on breakage of LiMn2O4 particles in electrode 43
5. Conclusions 47
References 48
Abstract (Korean) 50Maste
(A) Study on The Policy of Supporting Self-reliance for Victim of Domestic Violence : Focusing on the Long-term Domestic Violence Shelter
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) --μμΈλνκ΅ νμ λνμ :νμ νκ³Ό(μ μ±
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This study was conducted to find out the effect of university closure on the local community economy. Changes in the number of businesses before and after school closures and the number of business workers were compared using the Difference-in-Differences and Wilcoxonβs singed-ranks test for areas where university closures occurred and not. The analysis data are a national business survey by the National Statistical Office, and the analysis unit is set at the city, county, and district level. Among them, the analysis period of the difference analysis was 3 years before school closure and 2 years after school closure, and the Wilcoxon code ranking test was simply compared between 2 years ago and 1 year after school closure based on the year of closure.
The research hypothesis is that the closure of a university has an effect on the local art, sports and leisure-related service industry, beauty and laundry service industry, wholesale and retail business, restaurant business, and pub businesses. In addition, research hypotheses on whether the closure of universities will adversely affect employment in the region were also verified.
The variables that can affect the local economy were considered as regional units, population, elderly population ratio, local government financial independence, whether to move into industrial complexes, and GRDP, and these requirements formed a comparative group similar to the experimental group.
Among them, the difference analysis was conducted only with dependent variables and independent variables, and regional units, population, elderly population ratio, local government financial independence, industrial complex occupancy, number of hypermarkets, and GRDP were set as control variables.
As a result of conducting difference-in-differences methods analysis without substituting control variables, it was difficult to say that it was statistically significant as a result of inconsistent with the research hypothesis. When the control variable was substituted and analyzed, the number of beauty and laundry service businesses and the number of workers in all businesses were consistent with the research hypothesis, but no statistically significant results were derived.
The Wilcoxonβs signed-ranks test results performed for comparison between two years from the time of closure and one year after closure of the school also found that only some of them were significant. If the city, county, and district were not divided and analyzed, the results were not consistent with the research hypothesis, but as a result of subdividing and analyzing by city, county, and district, it was found that there were significant differences in the number of art, sports, and leisure-related service businesses. This is because there was no change in the number of businesses in the comparative group, while there was a difference in the experimental group. However, it was difficult to interpret that the change in the number of businesses and workers by business field was significant.
Through this study, the following policy implications could be derived. First, there may be various opinions on the necessity and method of implementing university restructuring, but a careful approach to university closure is needed because there are clearly business areas that affect the economy of the community and have a negative (-) effect on the number of workers. As explicitly stipulated in Article 62 of the Higher Education Act, university closure should be implemented on a limited basis when there are no other means other than closure. Second, since university closure can negatively affect the employment of local communities, it is necessary to decide more carefully on the closure of universities in areas where job losses occur, and if it is inevitable, the local job revitalization support policy should be considered at the same time. Third, support measures after the closure of universities should prioritize community businesses. Fourth, since most of the closed universities have already been negatively affected by the university structural reform evaluation before school closure, the research results do not seem to be consistent with the research hypothesis. Therefore, research is also needed to verify the negative influence of various factors in the process of transitioning to closed schools, such as evaluating university structural reform, on regional economic vitality from the time before school closure.
The limitations of this study are as follows. First, since there was a limit to the statistics that could be analyzed, more samples are needed in the future, as statistically significant analysis results were not presented much. Second, a longitudinal study is proposed to remove bias according to the time point setting before and after school closure. Third, it seems that qualitative research will be meaningful as a follow-up study to understand the context of each closed school case.λ μ°κ΅¬λ λν νκ΅κ° μ§μμ¬ν κ²½μ μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ μμ보기 μν΄μ μννμλ€. λν νκ΅κ° μΌμ΄λ μ§μκ³Ό κ·Έλ μ§ μμ μ§μμ λν΄ νκ΅ μ ν μ¬μ
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μ‘΄μ¬νκ³ μ’
μ¬μ μμλ λΆ(-)μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉκΈ° λλ¬Έμ λν νκ΅μ λν΄μλ μ μ€ν μ κ·Όμ΄ νμνλ€. λν νκ΅λ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘λ² μ 62μ‘°μ λͺ
μμ μΌλ‘ κ·μ λμ΄ μλ―μ΄ νκ΅ μ΄μΈμ λ€λ₯Έ μλ¨μ΄ μ‘΄μ¬νμ§ μμ λ, μ νμ μΌλ‘ μνν΄μΌ ν κ²μ΄λ€. λμ§Έ, λν νκ΅λ μ§μμ¬νμ κ³ μ©μ λΆμ μ μΈ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ μ μμΌλ―λ‘ μΌμ리 κ°μκ° μΌμ΄λλ μ§μμμμ λν νκ΅λ λμ± μ μ€νκ² κ²°μ ν΄μΌ ν κ²μ΄λ©°, λΆκ°νΌνκ² νκ΅λ₯Ό μνν΄μΌ ν κ²½μ°μλ μ§μμ μΌμ리 νμ±ν μ§μ μ μ±
μ λμμ κ³ λ €νμ¬μΌ ν κ²μ΄λ€. μ
μ§Έ, λν νκ΅ μ΄νμ μ§μμ±
μ μ§μμ¬ν μ¬μ
체λ₯Ό μ°μ μ μΌλ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ ΈμΌ νλ€. λ·μ§Έ, νκ΅λ λν μ€ λλΆλΆμ΄ μ΄λ―Έ νκ΅ μ΄μ λΆν° λνꡬ쑰κ°ννκ° λ±μΌλ‘ λΆμ μ μν₯μ 미리 λ°μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Όκ° μ°κ΅¬κ°μ€κ³Ό λΆν©νλ κ²°κ³Όκ° λμΆλμ§ μμλ€κ³ 보μΈλ€. λ°λΌμ νκ΅ μ΄μ μμ λΆν° λνꡬ쑰κ°ν νκ° λ± νκ΅λ‘ μ΄ννλ κ³Όμ μμμ μ¬λ¬ κ°μ§ μμΈμ΄ μ§μ κ²½μ νλ ₯μ μ μ§μ μΌλ‘ λ―ΈμΉ λΆμ μ μΈ μν₯λ ₯μ κ²μ¦ν μ°κ΅¬λ νμν΄ λ³΄μΈλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ νκ³μ μ μλμ κ°λ€. 첫째, λΆμ κ°λ₯ν ν΅κ³λμ νκ³κ° μμμΌλ―λ‘ ν΅κ³μ μΌλ‘ μ μλ―Έν λΆμ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ§μ΄ μ μνμ§ λͺ»ν μ μμ ν₯ν λ λ§μ νλ³Έμ ν보ν ν μ°κ΅¬κ° νμνλ€. λμ§Έ, νκ΅ μ΄μ κ³Ό μ΄ν μμ μ€μ μ λ°λ₯Έ νΈμ(bias)λ₯Ό μ κ±°νκΈ° μν΄ μ’
λ¨μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ μνλ€. μ
μ§Έ, μ΄μ ν¨κ» κ° νκ΅ μ¬λ‘μ λν λ§₯λ½μ μ΄ν΄νκΈ° μν΄ νμμ°κ΅¬λ‘ μ§μ μ°κ΅¬λ μλ―Έκ° μμ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μΈλ€.μ 1 μ₯ μλ‘ 1
μ 2 μ₯ μ΄λ‘ μ λ°°κ²½ λ° μ νμ°κ΅¬ κ²ν 5
μ 1 μ μ΄λ‘ μ κ³ μ°° 5
1. μ μ±
νκ° 5
2. λν ꡬ쑰쑰μ κ³Ό λν νκ΅ μ μ±
6
3. μ§μ κ²½μ μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ λ³μ 21
μ 2 μ μ νμ°κ΅¬ 24
1. λνμ΄ μ§μμ¬νμ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬ 24
2. λνꡬ쑰κ°ν μ μ±
κ΄λ ¨ μ νμ°κ΅¬ 26
μ 3 μ₯ μ°κ΅¬κ°μ€ λ° μ°κ΅¬λ°©λ² 29
μ 1 μ μ°κ΅¬κ°μ€ 29
μ 2 μ μ°κ΅¬λ°©λ² 31
1. λΆμμλ£ λ° λΆμλͺ¨ν 31
2. μ€νμ§λ¨κ³Ό λΉκ΅μ§λ¨ κ΅¬μ± 36
3. μΈ‘μ λ³μ 40
μ 4 μ₯ λΆμκ²°κ³Ό 48
μ 1 μ μ΄μ€μ°¨μ΄λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 48
1. μ¬μ
체 μ λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 48
2. μ 체 μ¬μ
체 μ’
μ¬μ μ λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 53
3. μκ΅°κ΅¬λ³ λν μ¬νμ μλ₯Ό λ°μν μΆκ° λΆμ 54
μ 2 μ Wilcoxon λΆνΈμμ κ²μ κ²°κ³Ό 57
1. μ¬μ
체 μ λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 57
2. μ 체 μ¬μ
체 μ’
μ¬μ μ λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 60
3. μκ²° 61
μ 5 μ₯ κ²°λ‘ 64
μ 1 μ μ€μ¦λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό μμ½ 64
1. μ΄μ€μ°¨μ΄λΆμ κ²°κ³Όμ λν λΆμ 65
2. Wilcoxon λΆνΈμμ κ²μ κ²°κ³Όμ λν λΆμ 66
μ 2 μ μ μ±
μμ¬μ κ³Ό μ μΈ 68
μ 3 μ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ νκ³ 70
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 72
Abstract 77μ