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μΈκ· μ±λ²Όμλ§λ¦λ³μκ· μ GluS-GluR Two-Component Systemμ κΈ°λ₯ μ°κ΅¬
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Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : λμ
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곡νλΆ, 2021.8. Hwang Ingyu.Burkholderia glumae, just like any other microorganism, has a variety of adaptable biological systems that provide insight into how these organisms evolve, adapt, and function in a variety of environments. Despite the complexity of some of these systems, this work sheds light on the two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) paradigm, which serves as the basis for information flow throughout bacteria. Random mutagenesis of B. glumae BGR1 with mini-Tn5 resulted in a cell filamentation in LuriaβBertani (LB) medium in one of the mini-Tn5 derivatives. Molecular and genetic analysis revealed that gluR (BGLU 1G13360), a two-component system response regulator gene, carried the mini-Tn5 insertional mutation. A putative sensor kinase, gluS (BGLU 1G13350), was found downstream of gluR, prompting an exploratory study of the GluS-GluR TCS functional roles in B. glumae BGR1. The gluR mutant, unlike the gluS mutant formed filamentous cells in LB medium, was sensitive to 42C, and the expression of genes responsible for cell division and cell-wall (dcw) biosynthesis were elevated at transcription levels compared to the wild type, classifying GluR as an essential regulatory factor for cell division. TCSs regulate a variety of bacterial activities via an organized system in which the sensor kinase passes environmental cues to the response regulator, which decodes an appropriate cellular response. Accordingly, this study identified glutamine and glutamate as extrinsic cues that initiate cell division in B. glumae via GluR. Notably, GluR, and not GluS was also required for elicitation of the hypersensitive response in tobacco leaves, full virulence in host rice plants, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide; all of which are important factors in the pathogenicity, survival, and fitness of B. glumae. GluR directly interacts with the type III secretion system and a manganese catalase gene katM to promote virulence and fitness of the pathogen. This study further showed that GluS-GluR is a functional TCS pair regulating Ξ² β lactam antibiotic resistance of B. glumae, but through a distinct mechanism. The inactivation of gluS or gluR conferred resistance against Ξ²-lactam antibiotics, whereas the wild type was susceptible to those antibiotics. This phenotype was supported by the significantly increased expression of genes encoding metallo-Ξ²-lactamases and penicillin-binding proteins in the TCS mutants compared to those in the wild type. Overall, this study adds to our understanding of how TCSs affect bacteria's sophisticated molecular systems, gives a new perspective on antibiotic resistance processes, and may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the successful control of bacterial pathogens.Burkholderia glumaeλ λ€μν λ―Έμλ¬Ό μ 기체λ€μ΄ μ΄λ»κ² λ€μν νκ²½μμ μ§ν, μ μνλμ§μ λν ν΅μ°°λ ₯μ μ 곡νλ λ€μν μλ¬Όνμ κΈ°λ₯ μμ€ν
λ€μ κ°μ§κ³ μλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μμ€ν
λ€μ λν μΌλΆμ 볡μ‘μ±μλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μΌλ°μ μΈ μΈκ· μμμ μ 보μ²λ¦¬ νλ¦μ κΈ°μ΄μ μν μ λ΄λΉνλ two-component regulatory systems (TCS)μ ν¨λ¬λ€μμ μ μνκ³ μ νλ€. mini-Tn5λ₯Ό μ¬μ©ν B. glumae BGR1μ mini-Tn5 무μμ λμ°λ³μ΄ μ λ체 μ€ νλλ LuriaβBertani (LB) λ°°μ§μμ νλΌλ©νΈ λͺ¨μμ μΈν¬ννλ‘ λ°κ²¬λμλ€. μ΄ λμ°λ³μ΄ μ λ체μ λν λΆμ λ° μ μ μ λΆμμ μ΄κ²μ΄ two-component regulatory systems λ°μ μ‘°μ μ μ μμΈ gluR (BGLU 1G13360)μ mini-Tn5 μ½μ
λμ°λ³μ΄λ₯Ό κ°μ§κ³ μμμ λ°νλ€. μ΄ gluR μ μ μ¬λ°©ν₯ μλμμ TCS κ°μ§-μΈμ°νν¨μμΈ gluS (BGLU 1G13350)κ° λ°κ²¬λμ΄ B. glumae BGR1μ GluS-GluR TCS μ κΈ°λ₯κ³Ό μν μ μΆμ ν μ μκ² λμλ€. gluR λμ°λ³μ΄λ LB λ°°μ§μμ νλΌλ©νΈ μΈν¬λ₯Ό νμ±ν gluS λμ°λ³μ΄μ λ¬λ¦¬ 42Cμ λ―Όκ°νλ©°, μΈν¬ λΆμ΄ λ° μΈν¬λ²½ (dcw) μν©μ±μ λ΄λΉνλ μ μ μλ€μ λ°νμ wild typeμ λΉν΄ μ¦κ°λμκΈ°μ GluRμ μΈν¬ λΆμ΄μ νμ μ‘°μ μΈμλ‘ νμ
νμλ€. TCSλ κ°μ§-μΈμ°νν¨μκ° νκ²½ μ νΈλ₯Ό κ°μ§νμ¬ λ°μ μ‘°μ κΈ°μ μ λ¬νμ¬ μ μ ν μΈν¬ λ°μμ μ λνλ 체κ³μ μΈ μμ€ν
μ ν΅ν΄ λ€μν μΈκ· νλμ μ‘°μ νλ€. μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μμ B. glumaeμμ GluRμ΄ μΈν¬ λΆμ΄μ μμνλ μΈλΆ μ νΈλ‘ κ°μ§νλ κ²μ κΈλ£¨νλ―Όκ³Ό κΈλ£¨νλ©μ΄νΈλ‘ νμΈνλ€. λν, GluRμ λ΄λ°° μμμ κ³Όλ―Όμ± λ°μμ μ λμ, μμ£ΌμΈ λ²Όμμμ μμ ν λ
μ±λ°ν λ° μλ¬Όμ λ°©μ΄κΈ°μμΈ κ³Όμ°νμμμ ν΄λ
μ μν΄ νμνλ€. μ΄ λͺ¨λ κ²μ B. glumaeμ λ³μμ±, μμ‘΄ λ° νκ²½μ μμ μ€μν μμλ€μ GluRμ΄ κ΄μ¬νλ κ²μ΄λ€. GluRμ III ν λΆλΉ μμ€ν
λ° λ§κ° νμ°νν¨μ μ μ μ katMκ³Ό μ§μ μνΈ μμ©νμ¬ λ³μκ· μ λ
μ± λ° λ³μμ±μ μ΄μ§νλ€. μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μμλ GluS-GluRμ΄ B. glumaeμ Ξ²- λ½ν νμμ λ΄μ±μ μ‘°μ νλ κ²μ κΈ°λ₯μ μΌλ‘ μ°κ²°λμ΄ μμΌλ, μλ‘ κ΅¬λ³λλ λ©μ»€λμ¦μ ν΅ν΄ νμμ λ΄μ±μ΄ λ§λ€μ΄μ§μ μΆκ°λ‘ 보μ¬μ£Όμλ€. gluS λλ gluRμ λΉνμ±νλ Ξ²-lactam νμμ μ λν λ΄μ±μ λΆμ¬ν λ°λ©΄, wild typeμ μ΄λ¬ν νμμ μ λ―Όκ°νμλ€. μ΄λ¬ν νννμ wild typeμ λΉν΄ TCS λμ°λ³μ΄μ²΄μμ Ξ²-λ½ν λΆν΄ν¨μ λ° νλμ€λ¦° κ²°ν© λ¨λ°±μ§μ μ½λ©νλ μ μ μλ€μ λ°νμ΄ νμ νκ² μ¦κ°λ κ²μ λ·λ°μΉ¨λλ€. μ λ°μ μΌλ‘, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ TCSκ° μΈκ· μ μ κ΅ν μ‘°μ μμ€ν
μ μ΄λ»κ² μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλμ§μ λν μ΄ν΄λ₯Ό λνκ³ , νμμ λ΄μ± λ°μμ λν μλ‘μ΄ κ΄μ μ μ 곡νλ©°, λ³μμ± μΈκ· μ μ±κ³΅μ μΈ μ μ΄λ₯Ό μν μλ‘μ΄ μΉλ£ λ°©λ²μ μ 곡 ν μ μλ€.INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER I. THE GLUR RESPONSE REGULATOR IS REQUIRED FOR CELL DIVISION IN THE RICE PATHOGEN BURKHOLDERIA GLUMAE 11
ABSTRACT 12
INTRODUCTION 14
MATERIALS AND METHODS 17
I. Bacterial strains and growth conditions 17
II. DNA manipulation and sequencing 17
III. Rescue mini-Tn5, Tn3-gusA, and marker-exchange mutagenesis 18
IV. Bacterial growth and viability assay 19
V. Transmission electron microscopy 20
VI. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction 20
VII. Constitutive expression of ftsA gene 21
VIII. Growth and viability of B. glumae strains at 42oC 22
IX. Environmental stimuli driving GluR responses 22
X. Glutamate utilization in B. glumae 23
XI. Scanning electron microscopy 23
XII. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) 24
XIII. Statistical analysis 25
RESULTS 26
I. Identification of a TCS critical for normal cell division of B. glumae BGR1 26
II. Aberrant cell division due to a mutation in gluR 27
III. Direct control of genes involved in cell division by GluR 28
IV. Alleviation of aberrant cell morphology by constitutive expression of ftsA in the gluR mutant 29
V. Influence of glutamate and glutamine on GluR-mediated control of cell division 30
VI. Heat sensitivity due to altered fts gene expression in the gluR mutant 31
DISCUSSION 32
LITERATURE CITED 37
CHAPTER II. MUTATIONS IN THE TWO-COMPONENT GLUS-GLUR REGULATORY SYSTEM CONFER RESISTANCE TO Ξ-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS IN BURKHOLDERIA GLUMAE 65
ABSTRACT 66
INTRODUCTION 67
MATERIALS AND METHODS 69
I. Bacterial strains and growth conditions 69
II. -lactam susceptibility test 69
III. Viability assay 69
IV. -lactamase activity assay 70
V. Detection of penicillin-binding proteins 70
VI. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction 71
VII. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) 71
VIII. Statistical analysis 72
RESULTS 73
I. Mutations in GluS-GluR TCS associated with -lactam antibiotic resistance in B. glumae
73
II. Cell viability of B. glumae strains amidst -lactam antibiotics 74
III. Increased -lactamase activity in GluS-GluR TCS mutants was responsible for the acquired resistance to carbenicillin 75
IV. BGLUS35 and BGLUR133 possessed elevated expression of PBPs 77
DISCUSSION 79
LITERATURE CITED 84
CHAPTER III. GLUR RESPONSE REGULATOR REGULATES TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM AND BACTERIAL FITNESS IN BURKHOLDERIA GLUMAE 107
ABSTRACT 108
INTRODUCTION 110
MATERIALS AND METHODS
I. Bacterial strains and growth conditions 113
II. DNA manipulation, sequencing, and mutagenesis 113
III. HR elicitation, virulence assay, and bacterial population 114
IV. Toxoflavin assay 115
V. Autoinducer assay 115
VI. Preparation of plant extracts 115
VII. RNA extraction and qRT-PCR 116
VIII. Hydrogen peroxide sensitivity assay 116
IX. Catalase activity assay 117
X. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) 116
XI. Protein in-vitro degradation assay 118
XII. Statistical analysis 118
RESULTS 119
I. Impact of GluS-GluR mutations on the virulence of B. glumae 119
II. GluR and Lon protease differently regulate T3SS in B. glumae 120
III. Mutations of gluR halts T3SS gene induction in in-vivo 122
IV. Lon protease does not degrade but activates gluR and inhibits hrpB 123
V. GluR mediates resistance to H2O2 killing in B. glumae 124
VI. GluR directly activates the activities of a manganese catalase, katM 125
VII. katM mutant is sensitive to exogenous H2O2 126
VIII. katM mutant showed attenuated virulence 127
DISCUSSION 128
LITERATURE CITED 134
APPENDIX 167
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 169
ACKNOWLEGMENT 172λ°