14 research outputs found

    ๊ณ ์† ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ง„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022. 8. ์ •๋•๊ท .In this dissertation, major concerns in the clocking of modern serial links are discussed. As sub-rate, multi-standard architectures are becoming predominant, the conventional clocking methodology seems to necessitate innovation in terms of low-cost implementation. Frequency synthesis with active, inductor-less oscillators replacing LC counterparts are reviewed, and solutions for two major drawbacks are proposed. Each solution is verified by prototype chip design, giving a possibility that the inductor-less oscillator may become a proper candidate for future high-speed serial links. To mitigate the high flicker noise of a high-frequency ring oscillator (RO), a reference multiplication technique that effectively extends the bandwidth of the following all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) is proposed. The technique avoids any jitter accumulation, generating a clean mid-frequency clock, overall achieving high jitter performance in conjunction with the ADPLL. Timing constraint for the proper reference multiplication is first analyzed to determine the calibration points that may correct the existent phase errors. The weight for each calibration point is updated by the proposed a priori probability-based least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm. To minimize the time required for the calibration, each gain for the weight update is adaptively varied by deducing a posteriori which error source dominates the others. The prototype chip is fabricated in a 40-nm CMOS technology, and its measurement results verify the low-jitter, high-frequency clock generation with fast calibration settling. The presented work achieves an rms jitter of 177/223 fs at 8/16-GHz output, consuming 12.1/17-mW power. As the second embodiment, an RO-based ADPLL with an analog technique that addresses the high supply sensitivity of the RO is presented. Unlike prior arts, the circuit for the proposed technique does not extort the RO voltage headroom, allowing high-frequency oscillation. Further, the performance given from the technique is robust over process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations, avoiding the use of additional calibration hardware. Lastly, a comprehensive analysis of phase noise contribution is conducted for the overall ADPLL, followed by circuit optimizations, to retain the low-jitter output. Implemented in a 40-nm CMOS technology, the frequency synthesizer achieves an rms jitter of 289 fs at 8 GHz output without any injected supply noise. Under a 20-mVrms white supply noise, the ADPLL suppresses supply-noise-induced jitter by -23.8 dB.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋งํฌ์˜ ํด๋ฝํ‚น์— ๊ด€์—ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค€์†๋„, ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํด๋ผํ‚น ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜์‹ ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. LC ๊ณต์ง„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Šฅ๋™ ์†Œ์ž ๋ฐœ์ง„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์นฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋Šฅ๋™ ์†Œ์ž ๋ฐœ์ง„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณ ์† ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋งํฌ์˜ ํด๋ฝํ‚น์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ง„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋†’์€ ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ปค ์žก์Œ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋’ท๋‹จ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฃจํ”„์˜ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ง€ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„์  ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํด๋ฝ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑ์‹œ์ผœ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฃจํ”„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ํด๋ฝ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๋จผ์ € ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ต์ • ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์€ ์—ฐ์—ญ์  ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœํ•œ LMS ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ต์ •์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ ๊ต์ • ์ด๋“์€ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ทผ์›๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ท€๋‚ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋œ๋‹ค. 40-nm CMOS ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์นฉ์˜ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ €์†Œ์Œ, ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ํด๋ฝ์„ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ต์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์•ˆ์— ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•ด ๋ƒ„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 177/223 fs์˜ rms ์ง€ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” 8/16 GHz์˜ ํด๋ฝ์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ง„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ „์› ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ง„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์•• ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฃธ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ฐœ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ์ „์› ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ๊ณต์ •, ์ „์••, ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๊ต์ • ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์œ„์ƒ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์  ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํšŒ๋กœ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ €์žก์Œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์นฉ์€ 40-nm CMOS ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์› ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ 289 fs์˜ rms ์ง€ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” 8 GHz์˜ ํด๋ฝ์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 20 mVrms์˜ ์ „์› ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์— ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์–‘์„ -23.8 dB ๋งŒํผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 3 1.1.1 Clocking in High-Speed Serial Links 4 1.1.2 Multi-Phase, High-Frequency Clock Conversion 8 1.2 Dissertation Objectives 10 2 RO-Based High-Frequency Synthesis 12 2.1 Phase-Locked Loop Fundamentals 12 2.2 Toward All-Digital Regime 15 2.3 RO Design Challenges 21 2.3.1 Oscillator Phase Noise 21 2.3.2 Challenge 1: High Flicker Noise 23 2.3.3 Challenge 2: High Supply Noise Sensitivity 26 3 Filtering RO Noise 28 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Proposed Reference Octupler 34 3.2.1 Delay Constraint 34 3.2.2 Phase Error Calibration 38 3.2.3 Circuit Implementation 51 3.3 IL-ADPLL Implementation 55 3.4 Measurement Results 59 3.5 Summary 63 4 RO Supply Noise Compensation 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Proposed Analog Closed Loop for Supply Noise Compensation 72 4.2.1 Circuit Implementation 73 4.2.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis 76 4.2.3 Circuit Optimization 81 4.3 ADPLL Implementation 87 4.4 Measurement Results 90 4.5 Summary 98 5 Conclusions 99 A Notes on the 8REF 102 B Notes on the ACSC 105๋ฐ•

    ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ตํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ KYPT๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ „๊ณต), 2012. 2. ์†ก์ง„์›….ํƒ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ฃผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฐธํƒ๊ตฌ(authentic inquiry)์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ์ง€๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํƒ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ฐธํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ(Chinn & Malhotra, 2002), ์‹ค์ œ ๊ต์‹ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์—, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํƒ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌโ€ง๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ๊ณผํ•™ ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„ ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์งˆ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ, 2010๋…„๊ณผ 2011๋…„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ๋Œ€ํšŒ(KYPT)์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ๊ณผํ•™ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ƒ 13๋ช…๊ณผ ์ง€๋„๊ต์‚ฌ 2๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌํ›„ ์„ค๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋ฉด๋‹ด, ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๋’ค, ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€, ์ „์‚ฌ๋œ ๋ฉด๋‹ด ๋‚ด์šฉ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์ผ์ง€, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ผ๊ฐ๊ฒ€์ฆ(triangulation)๊ณผ ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฒ€ํ† (peer debriefing)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ผ์˜์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ์ • ๋“ฑ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋„์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ „๋žต ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ฃŒํ† ์˜(peer discussion)๋ฅผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ•ด ๋น„ํ•ด, ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ฃŒํ† ์˜์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์ž‘๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋„๊ต์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ํ† ์˜๋‚˜ ๊ต์žฌ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ œ์‹œ์˜ ์ „๋žต์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์  ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ์‹คํ—˜๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒํ† ์˜์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ํŒ€์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒ€์›๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ† ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒ์•…์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒํ† ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์ด๋ก  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์ง€๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ตํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒํ† ์˜์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€๋„์™€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ง€์‹์˜ ํ•จ์–‘์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋น„๊ตโ€ง๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ํƒ๊ตฌ ์ง€๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ , ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.The purpose of this study was to search for the effective strategies of teaching open-inquiry by comparing students and teachers recognition about its difficulties and helpful strategies. This study focused on the cases of science high school students and their teachers, who carried out open-inquiry to participate in KYPT (Korean Young Physicists Tournament, a national competition for international one, IYPT). This research was conducted through the participant observation, questionnaires and interviews. The research findings were as follows: students stated that planning and doing experiments were most difficult parts whereas teachers viewed that their students felt difficulties in analyzing data and making a conclusion. With respect to the effective strategy, students stated that they had got many ideas from peer discussion although they had to carry out individual tasks. On the contrary, teachers thought that references materials and discussion with teachers were most helpful ways. There were differences between students and their teachers recognition and it needed to close the gap. Consequently, it could be helpful to make student teams and to spend their more time in peer discussion especially when doing experiments. Furthermore, it seemed necessary that students have opportunities to learn background knowledge and to practice such a scientific inquiry, and also that teachers try to understand students actual difficulties and needs.Maste

    ์ฃผ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์˜ ํšก๋‹จ๋ฉด์  ๋ณ€๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2001.Maste

    ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์ฆˆ 2์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€์น˜์˜จ ์—์Šค ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์ฆˆ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2011.2. ๊น€์ธ๊ทœ.Maste

    Image coding using interband and intraband correlation on the wavelet transform domain

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2003.Docto

    Monte Carlo simulation study of recombination dynamics in solution

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™”ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•™์ „๊ณต,1996.Maste

    ์•” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์ „์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์ฆˆ 2์˜ ์—ญํ• 

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๊น€์ธ๊ทœ.ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์ฆˆ 2 (TG2)๋Š” ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์ฆˆ, ์ง€ํ‹ฐํ”ผ/์—์ดํ‹ฐํ”ผ์—์ด์ฆˆ, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ดํ™ฉํ™”๋ฌผ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆํ™” ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์ฆˆ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด๋‹ค. TG2๋Š” ์นผ์Š˜ ์˜์กด์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐธ์งˆ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ํƒˆ์•„๋ฏธ๋“œํ™”, ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์ด๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. TG2๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ, ๋…ธํ™”, ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ, ์•”๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 200๊ฐœ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ธฐ์งˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ TG2์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” TG2์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜, ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘ํƒœ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” AMPK ํ™œ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•”๋Œ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ TG2์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AMPK๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ „๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ž์ด๋‹ค. AMPK๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ ์ง€์ ๊ณผ ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•” ์–ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” TG2๊ฐ€ AMPK๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์  ์•”์–ต์ œ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์  ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ • (์™€๋ฒ„๊ทธํšจ๊ณผ)์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. TG2์— ์˜ํ•ด AMPK ฮฑ2 ์™€ ฮฒ1 ์„œ๋ธŒ์œ ๋‹›์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ ํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ด‰์ง„๋˜๊ณ , ์ด์ค‘ ฮฑ2 ํŠน์ด์  ํด๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด AMPK์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค. TG2 ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ AMPK ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์Šคํ‹ฑ ํƒ€๊ฒŸ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋ผํŒŒ๋งˆ์ด์‹  ์ปดํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค 1 (mTORC1)์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด HIF1ฮฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์–‘์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. TG2 ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์•” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์  ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž‘์šฉ์„ HIF1ฮฑ ์˜์กด์  ํ•ด๋‹น ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ์–‘์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์  ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด TG2๋Š” ์•”์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹์„ AMPK ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์˜์กด์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” TG2์˜ ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ AMPK์— ์˜ํ•œ ์•”์„ธํฌ ์–ต์ œ์  ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€์น˜์˜จ ์—์Šค ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์ฆˆ ํƒ (GST tag)๊ณผ TG2์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ† ์กฐ๋งˆ ์žํฌ๋‹ˆ์ฟฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ GST๋Š” ์นœํ™”์  ์ •์ œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ํ’€ ๋‹ค์šด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์€ ์„ธํฌ ์šฉํ•ด๋ฌผ๊ณผ GST๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ž์–ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ›ผ์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์™œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ GST tag์ด ์นผ์Š˜์˜์กด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํด๋ผ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์…˜ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” TG2์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ ์ž”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ผ๊ธด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พผ GST ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์ฒด๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒํ˜• GST์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€์น˜์˜จ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์นœํ™”๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€์น˜์˜จ ์นœํ™” ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ GST4QN๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ p53์€ 5-FU๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์•ผ์ƒํ˜• GST์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ p21์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” TG2์— ์˜ํ•œ GST๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, GST4QN์„ GST ํ’€๋‹ค์šด ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์—์„œ TG2์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด TG2์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ํˆฌ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด HeLa ์„ธํฌ cDNA์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” TG2์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋Ÿด 1๊ณผ cBAF ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ‹ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„œ๋ธŒ์œ ๋‹›์ธ BAF250a์˜ C-๋ง๋‹จ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. TG2๋Š” GST-BAF250a C-๋ง๋‹จ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ’€๋‹ค์šด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ TG2์™€ BAF250a๋Š” P11 ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ™•์ธ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šฉ๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฉด์—ญ์นจ๊ฐ• ๋จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด TG2๋Š” BAF250a์— ํด๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฏผ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์ฝ”์ด๋“œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ TG2 ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ ์ „์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์˜์กด์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฃจ์‹œํผ๋ ˆ์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์ „์ฒด ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด wild type๊ณผ TG2 knockout ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์— ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์†์„ ์ณค์„ ๋•Œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ ์ „์ž ์˜จํ†จ๋กœ์ง€ ๋†์ถ• ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” TG2๊ฐ€ BAF250a์˜ ํด๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฏผํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „์‚ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is the only ubiquitously expressed member of the TG family of enzymes that acts as transglutaminase, GTPase/ATPase, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase. TG2 is a calcium-dependent protein that catalyzes protein deamidation, transamidation, and cross-linking. TG2 catalyzes the modification of a number of substrates almost 200 proteins involved in apoptosis, aging, cell adhesion, cancer metabolism and transcriptional regulation. Therefore, functional study about TG2 is a key point for understanding the TG2-related pathophysiology such as neurodegenerative disease, cataract and cancer. In part I, we investigated the role of TG2 in cancer metabolism by regulating AMPK activity. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved master regulator for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. AMPK exhibits tumor suppressive functions by governing cellular metabolic checkpoints and constraining cell growth signaling pathways. Here, we describe TG2 as a critical negative regulator in AMPK-mediated metabolic tumor suppression, resulting in aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg Effect). TG2 mediated post-translational modification of AMPK ฮฑ2 and ฮฒ1 subunits, and inhibited AMPK activity by AMPK ฮฑ2-specific polyamination. Activated AMPK by TG2 suppression inhibited the activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and subsequently reduced HIF-1ฮฑ protein levels. TG2 suppression also reduced aerobic glycolysis, which is one of remarkable phonotypes of cancer cells, by down-regulating the expression of HIF-1ฮฑ dependent glycolytic genes. As a result of these metabolic shifts, TG2 suppression diminished tumor cell proliferation in AMPK modification-dependent manners. Based on these results, we suggest that TG2 inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for anti-cancer treatment through activation of AMPK-mediated tumor suppressive metabolic reprogramming. In part II, we investigated the relationship between GST tag and TG2. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) from Schistosoma japonicum has been widely used as a tag for affinity purification and pull-down of fusion proteins to detect protein-protein interactions. However, the reliability of this technique is undermined by the formation of GST-fused protein aggregates after incubation with cell lysates. It remains unknown why this aggregation occurs. Here, we demonstrate that the GST-tag is a substrate of TG2, which is a calcium-dependent enzyme that polyaminates or crosslinks substrate proteins. GST-mutant replacing four glutamine residues with asparagine (GST4QN) exhibited similar glutathione binding affinity compared with wild-type GST and could be purified by glutathione affinity chromatography. Moreover, the use of GST4QN as a tag reduced fused p53 aggregation and enhanced the induction of p21 transcription and apoptosis in cells treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). These results indicate that TG2 interferes with protein-protein interactions of GST-fused proteins by crosslinking the GST-tag; therefore, a GST4QN tag could improve the reproducibility and reliability of GST pull-down experiments. In part III, in this study, we attempted to identify TG2-interacting proteins to better understand the role of TG2 in transcriptional regulation. Using a yeast two-hybrid assay to screen a HeLa cell cDNA library, we found that TG2 bound BAF250a, a core subunit of the cBAF chromatin remodeling complex, through an interaction between the TG2 barrel 1 and BAF250a C-terminal domains. TG2 was pulled down with a GST-BAF250a C-term fusion protein. Moreover, TG2 and BAF250a were co-fractionated using P11 chromatography, and co-immunoprecipitated. A transamidation reaction showed that TG2 mediated incorporation of polyamine into BAF250a. In glucocorticoid response-element reporter-expressing cells, TG2 overexpression increased the luciferase reporter activity in a transamidation-dependent manner. In addition, a comparison of genome-wide gene expression between wild-type and TG2-deficient primary hepatocytes in response to dexamethasone treatment showed that TG2 further enhanced or suppressed the expression of dexamethasone-regulated genes that were identified by a gene ontology enrichment analysis. Thus, our results indicate that TG2 regulated transcriptional activity through BAF250a polyamination.Contents Abstract---------------------------i Contents--------------------------v List of Table----------------------viii List of Figures---------------------viii Introduction------------------------1 Part I. Transglutaminase 2 promotes aerobic glycolysis through selective inhibition of AMPKฮฑ2 Purpose--------------------------14 Materials and Methods-----------------17 Results--------------------------24 Discussion------------------------79 Part II. Transglutaminase 2 crosslinks the glutathione S-transferase tag to impede fused recombinant protein-protein interactions Purpose--------------------------83 Materials and Methods-----------------85 Results--------------------------91 Discussion-----------------------107 Part III. Transglutaminase 2 mediates transcriptional regulation through BAF250a polyamination Purpose-------------------------112 Materials and Methods----------------114 Results-------------------------121 Discussion-----------------------136 References-----------------------139 Abstract (in Korean)-----------------161Docto

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    Hypertext can be effectively used in history teaching and leaming. It helps students to understand the nature and process of making historical knowledge by providing the relatedness between knowledge construction and its modes of representation. Using hypertext, students can experience the historian's cognitive process and aware the interpretive and contingent nature of historical knowledge. Some theoretical considerations in using hypertext for this purpose are as follows. First, using hypertext to reconstruct historical knowledge should be based on procedures of the cognitive representation of historical texts including subtexts and literal texts. Second, when constructing hypertext, proper vertical or horizontal links should be organized according to the forms and contents of historical texts. Finally, unit information pictures, especially in the interface mode, should be designed to show the nonlinear and complicated process of historical knowledge making.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ „๊ณต,2001.Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ์กฐ์žฌํ˜ธ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ € ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ด์ƒํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ œ์•ฝ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์ฃผ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด ์ค‘ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ € ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํˆฌ์ž์š”์ธ(BAB)๊ณผ ์ „์›” ์ตœ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฃผ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์š”์ธ(LMAX)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฒ ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์€ ๊ณ ์œ ์œ„ํ—˜์—, ์‹œ์žฅ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์‹œ์žฅ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋งŒ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์ € ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ํˆฌ์ž์š”์ธ(BAC)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชฉ์ ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์ „์›”์ตœ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์„ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์ˆ˜์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ SMAX์š”์ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ–‰๋™์žฌ๋ฌด์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ œ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์ˆ˜์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ € ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ด์ƒํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ œ์•ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 8 2.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 8 2.2 ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 9 2.2.1 BAB, BAC, BAV ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 2.2.2 LMAX, SMAX, IVOL ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 11 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ 13 3.1 ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ค‘ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 13 3.2. BAC, BAV๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ BAB์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด 18 3.3. ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์„ฑ๊ณผ 19 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋น„์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ 23 4.1 MAX์™€ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ค‘ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 23 4.2 SMAX, TV๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ LMAX์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด 25 4.3 ๊ณ ์œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์„ฑ๊ณผ 26 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ํˆฌ์ž์š”์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ (Horserace) 28 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  30 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 33Maste
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