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    ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” cuprizone์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉœ๋ผํ† ๋‹Œ๊ณผ ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์ฆ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ํ™ฉ์ธ๊ตฌ.Cuprizone, a copper chelator, disrupts cell metabolism and causes demyelination and eventually neuronal degeneration such as oligodendritic and neuronal death. Cuprizone is widely used because of its convenience for experimental induction of neuronal degeneration by food and reversibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cuprizone on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cell damage in the naรฏve hippocampus in mice and ischemia-induced hippocampus in Mongolian gerbils. Additionally, we also observed the roles of melatonin and hypothermia on these effect. In the mouse experiment, 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) control group and 2) groups treated with cuprizone only and 3) both cuprizone and melatonin. Cuprizone is administered by food at 0.2% ad libitum for 6 weeks. Melatonin is administered with tap water at 6 g/L ad libitum for 6 weeksthe animals were then euthanized for immunohistochemistry of Ki67, doublecortin (DCX), glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) and phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding (pCREB), double immunofluorescence of neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and myelin basic protein (MBP), and western blot analysis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression to reveal the effects of cuprizone and melatonin on cell damage and hippocampal neurogenesis. In the gerbil forebrain ischemia experiment, 6-week-old male Mongolian gerbils were randomly divided into 6 group: 1) group that did not undergo ischemic brain surgery with normal diet, 2) group that did not undergo ischemic brain surgery with cuprizone diet, 3) group with that underwent normothermic ischemic brain surgery after 6 weeks of normal diet, 4) group that underwent normothermic ischemic brain surgery after 6 weeks of cuprizone diet, 5) group that underwent hypothermic ischemic brain surgery after 6 weeks of normal diet, and 6) group that underwent hypothermic ischemic brain surgery after 6 weeks of cuprizone diet. Cuprizone is also administered by food at 0.2% ad libitum. Forebrain ischemic surgery was performed with 5-min occlusion/reperfusion on the common carotid artery using aneurysm clips. Two weeks after ischemic surgery, all animals were sacrificed for cresyl violet (CV) staining and immunohistochemistry of DCX, Ki67, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) to reveal the effect of cuprizone on brain ischemia. In the mouse experiment, administration of cuprizone significantly decreased the number of differentiating (DCX-positive) neuroblasts and proliferating (Ki67-positive) cells in the dentate gyrus (DG). Moreover, cuprizone administration decreased glucose utilization (GLUT3-positive cells) and cell transcription (pCREB-positive cells and BDNF protein expression) in the DG. Administration of melatonin increased cuprizone-induced reduction in differentiating neuroblasts and proliferating cells, glucose utilization, and cell transcription. In the gerbil ischemia experiment, brain ischemia decreased cell survival (CV staining) and increased differentiating (DCX-positive) neuroblasts, proliferating (Ki67-positive) cells, reactive microglia (Iba-1-positive), and astrocytes (GFAP-positive). In contrast, hypothermic conditioning increased cell survival (CV staining) and decreased reactive microglia (Iba-1-positive) and astrocytes (GFAP-positive). However, cuprizone treatment decreased cell survival and increased reactive microglia and astrocytes. These change results from the fact that the protective effect of hypothermia in ischemic damage is disrupted due to cuprizone administration. The results of the study suggest that cuprizone treatment disrupted hippocampal neurogenesis, which was enhanced by melatonin treatment. Additionally, cuprizone accelerated brain ischemic damage and disrupted the protective effect of hypothermia in brain ischemia.Cuprizone์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“ค๊ณ  ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์ดˆํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๊ณ„์† ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณ„์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. Cuprizone์€ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์— ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์  ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์ •์ƒ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ €๋นŒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ cuprizone์ด ํ•ด๋งˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋ฉœ๋ผํ† ๋‹Œ๊ณผ ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์ฆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 8์ฃผ๋ น์˜ C57BL/6J ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ, cuprizone ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ, cuprizone๊ณผ ๋ฉœ๋ผํ† ๋‹Œ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. Cuprizone์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์— 0.2%์˜ ๋†๋„๋กœ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฉœ๋ผํ† ๋‹Œ์€ ์Œ์ˆ˜์— 6 g/L์˜ ๋†๋„๋กœ ํฌ์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์งˆ ํˆฌ์—ฌ 6์ฃผ ํ›„์— ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ cuprizone ๋ฐ ๋ฉœ๋ผํ† ๋‹Œ์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Cuprizone์ด ์ €๋นŒ์˜ ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, 6์ฃผ๋ น ์ €๋นŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ธ ๊ตฐ, ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  cuprizone์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ธ ๊ตฐ, 6์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ธ ๋’ค ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์˜จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ตฐ, 6์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ธ ๋’ค ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ตฐ, 6์ฃผ๊ฐ„ cuprizone์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ธ ๋’ค ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์˜จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ตฐ, 6์ฃผ๊ฐ„ cuprizone์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ธ ๋’ค ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๊ตฐ ๋“ฑ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์˜ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ cuprizone์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์— 0.2%์˜ ๋†๋„๋กœ cuprizone์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ๋™๋งฅ๋ฅ˜ํด๋ฆฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 5๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ชฉ๋™๋งฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ฐฐํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ํ’€์–ด ์ฃผ์–ด ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ 2์ฃผ ๋’ค์— ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด cuprizone ๋ฐ ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์ฆ์ด ๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ cuprizone์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹์„ ์œ ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ์ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ธ์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฉœ๋ผํ† ๋‹Œ์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” cuprizone์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”, ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ์ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ธ์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ €๋นŒ์˜ ๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ CA1์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์†์ƒ์ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณ„์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์›์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ์‹œ ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์†์ƒ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์žฌ์ƒ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณ„์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์›์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ cuprizoneํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ CA1์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์žฌ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณ„์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์›์„ฑ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ cuprizone์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์œ„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์ •์ƒ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ์ €๋นŒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•ž๋‡Œํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ์˜ cuprizone์ด ํ•ด๋งˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉœ๋ผํ† ๋‹Œ ๋ฐ ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์ฆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ cuprizone์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉœ๋ผํ† ๋‹Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ cuprizone์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์†์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ €์ฒด์˜จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์†์ƒ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” cuprizone์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์†์ƒ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ•ด๋งˆ์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Contents Abstractยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท โ…ฐ Contentsยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท โ…ณ List of figuresยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท โ…ด List of abbreviationsยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท viii Effects of cuprizone on hippocampal neurogenesis โ€“ Differential roles of melatonin and hypothermia Introduction ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 10 Materials and methods ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 15 Results ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 28 Discussion ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 57 References ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 68 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 84Docto

    ์ € ์žก์Œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ„์ƒ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฃจํ”„์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ์ •๋•๊ท .As a device scaling proceeds, Charge Pump PLL has been confronted by many design challenges. Especially, a leakage current in loop filter and reduced dynamic range due to a lower operating voltage make it difficult to adopt a conventional analog PLL architecture for a highly scaled technology. To solve these issues, All Digital PLL (ADPLL) has been widely studied recently. ADPLL mitigates a filter leakage and a reduced dynamic range issues by replacing the analog circuits with digital ones. However, it is still difficult to get a low jitter under low supply voltage. In this thesis, we propose a dual loop architecture to achieve a low jitter even with a low supply voltage. And bottom-up based multi-step TDC and DCO are proposed to meet both fine resolution and wide operation range. In the aspect of design methodology, ADPLL has relied on a full custom design method although ADPLL is fully described in HDL (Hardware Description Language). We propose a new cell based layout technique to automatically synthesize the whole circuit and layout. The test chip has no linearity degradation although it is fully synthesized using a commercially available auto P&R tool. We has implemented an all digital pixel clock generator using the proposed dual loop architecture and the cell based layout technique. The entire circuit is automatically synthesized using 28nm CMOS technology. And s-domain linear model is utilized to optimize the jitter of the dual-loop PLL. Test chip occupies 0.032mm2, and achieves a 15ps_rms integrated jitter although it has extremely low input reference clock of 100 kHz. The whole circuit operates at 1.0V and consumes only 3.1mW.Abstract i Lists of Figures vii Lists of Tables xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Thesis Motivation and Organization 1 1.1.1 Motivation 1 1.1.2 Thesis Organization 2 1.2 PLL Design Issues in Scaled CMOS Technology 3 1.2.1 Low Supply Voltage 4 1.2.2 High Leakage Current 6 1.2.3 Device Reliability: NBTI, HCI, TDDB, EM 8 1.2.4 Mismatch due to Proximity Effects: WPE, STI 11 1.3 Overview of Clock Synthesizers 14 1.3.1 Dual Voltage Charge Pump PLL 14 1.3.2 DLL Based Edge Combining Clock Multiplier 16 1.3.3 Recirculation DLL 17 1.3.4 Reference Injected PLL 18 1.3.5 All Digital PLL 19 1.3.6 Flying Adder Clock Synthesizer 20 1.3.7 Dual Loop Hybrid PLL 21 1.3.8 Comparisons 23 2. Tutorial of ADPLL Design 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1.1 Motivation for a pure digital 25 2.1.2 Conversion to digital domain 26 2.2 Functional Blocks 26 2.2.1 TDC, and PFD/Charge Pump 26 2.2.2 Digital Loop Filter and Analog R/C Loop Filter 29 2.2.3 DCO and VCO 34 2.2.4 S-domain Model of the Whole Loop 34 2.2.5 ADPLL Loop Design Flow 36 2.3 S-domain Noise Model 41 2.3.1 Noise Transfer Functions 41 2.3.2 Quantization Noise due to Limited TDC Resolution 45 2.3.3 Quantization Noise due to Divider ฮ”ฮฃ Noise 46 2.3.4 Quantization Noise due to Limited DCO Resolution 47 2.3.5 Quantization Noise due to DCO ฮ”ฮฃ Dithering 48 2.3.6 Random Noise of DCO and Input Clock 50 2.3.7 Over-all Phase Noise 50 3. Synthesizable All Digital Pixel Clock PLL Design 53 3.1 Overview 53 3.1.1 Introduction of Pixel Clock PLL 53 3.1.1 Design Specifications 55 3.2 Proposed Architecture 60 3.2.1 All Digital Dual Loop PLL 60 3.2.2 2-step controlled TDC 61 3.2.3 3-step controlled DCO 64 3.2.4 Digital Loop Filter 76 3.3 S-domain Noise Model 78 3.4 Loop Parameter Optimization Based on the s-domain Model 85 3.5 RTL and Gate Level Circuit Design 88 3.5.1 Overview of the design flow 88 3.5.2 Behavioral Simulation and Gate level synthesis 89 3.5.1 Preventing a meta-stability 90 3.5.1 Reusable Coding Style 92 3.6 Layout Synthesis 94 3.6.1 Auto P&R 94 3.6.2 Design of Unit Cells 97 3.6.3 Linearity Degradation in Synthesized TDC 98 3.6.4 Linearity Degradation in Synthesized DCO 106 3.7 Experiment Results 109 3.7.1 DCO measurement 109 3.7.2 PLL measurement 113 3.8 Conclusions 117 A. Device Technology Scaling Trends 118 A.1. Motivation for Technology Scaling 118 A.2. Constant Field Scaling 120 A.3. Quasi Constant Voltage Scaling 123 A.4. Device Technology Trends in Real World 124 B. Spice Simulation Tip for a DCO 137 C. Phase Noise to Jitter Conversion 141 Bibliography 144 ์ดˆ๋ก 151Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋””์ž์ธํ•™๋ถ€ ๋””์ž์ธ์ „๊ณต, 2021.8. ๋ฐ•์˜๋ชฉ.๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์กฐํ˜• ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์™€ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹์Šค์‹œ๊ทธ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์•„์›ƒ์†Œ์‹ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋ง ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์˜ค๋˜ ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ž์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ธ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์˜์— ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…, ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋””์ž์ธ(ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด) ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—… ์•„์ด๋ดํ‹ฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋ง ๋“ฑ ํŠน์ • ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์—, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ๋„ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด ๋””์ž์ธ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜์š”์†Œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๋””์ž์ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋””์ž์ธ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๋””์ž์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค, ๋””์ž์ธ ์”ฝํ‚น ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์†์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋””์ž์ธ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฐฝ๋ฐœ์  ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ, ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์  ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ, ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์‹ค๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์กฐํ™” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜, ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”, ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ดํ•‘ ๋“ฑ ์กฐํ˜• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ ด, ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”์™€ ์‹ค๋ฌผํ™”์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋””์ž์ธ ์”ฝํ‚น์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์™„์„ฑ, ๋„์ „ ์ถ”๊ตฌ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์˜ ์กด์ค‘, ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์™€ ์•ˆ์ •์˜ ์กฐํ™”, ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ ์š”์†Œ ๋„์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์›, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ธ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ฒ ๊ฐ•๊ธฐ์—… A์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› 103๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์„  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์— ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์˜์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ 8์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ธํŒŒ์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋””์ž์ธ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” R&D, ํ™๋ณด, ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ์ค‘ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„, ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ๋„ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋„์ž…, ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๋„ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด์— ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ•œ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋“ฑ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด์— ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ โ€˜์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒโ€™ ๋„์ž…, ์šด์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ค์ฆ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.The roles of design within companies depart from the conventional form shaping-based ones to be expanded into the elements handling the company-wide process and strategies. Recently, many non- consumable goods companies attempt to adopt and use design to solve problems that can hardly be solved with the conventional management techniques. However, the non-consumable goods companies that have used the styling-based design primarily through outsourcing tend to be less aware of โ€˜designโ€™ due to a lack of experiences of adopting and using design for themselves. In contrast, in the field of design management areas, many preceding studies have discussed the ways and cases of creating good performances by adopting and using design for business management. However, the preceding studies may have been limited in that they targeted primarily at the small and medium or large companies or space design (environment, interior) companies that would produce the consumable goods mostly. Besides, the design elements they attempt to adopt are limited to such certain elements as product design, planning and styling to establish their identity or manufacture their new products. Hence, it is deemed necessary to examine the ways to adopt and expand the design elements not only for the general consumable goods companies but also for the non-consumable goods companies. Hence, this study is aimed at extracting the elements of design from the perspective of adopting and using design in company and thereby, associating them with the elements of the business management to identify the areas where the design could be used specifically. Moreover, this study is aimed to confirm that design would be useful for non-consumable goods company, while suggesting the possibility of using diverse design elements additionally for consumable goods companies that had already adopted and used design. To this end, this study reviewed some preceding studies about design system to examine such design elements and attributes adopted and used for the business management as design ability, design methods, design process and design thinking. First, in case of design ability, the elements extracted were emergent creativity, logical creativity, open-minded insight, ability of visualizing concepts, ability of merchandising items and ability of harmonizing. Secondly, in case of design methods, the elements extracted were design research, idea generation, visualization, prototyping, etc. Thirdly, in case of design process, such attributes as divergence and convergence and repetition of conceptualization and materialization were extracted. Lastly, in case of design thinking, such elements as mutual complementarity, challenge, respect of individuality and difference, harmonizing between pursuit of innovation and stability, and morality. Next, in order to extract the business activity elements of non-consumable goods companies, the preceding studies in the field of business administration were reviewed to extract such elements as business organization, management resources and decision-making process. Then, in order to grasp non-consumable goods companies' level of design perception and their expectation of design, 103 business people working for A the steel company in Korea were sampled randomly for a questionnaire survey. Lastly, the results of the theoretical reviews and questionnaire survey were summed up to extract the design elements and the management elements of non-consumable goods companies. And thereby, they were combined to be suggested as a matrix. Then, in order to assess the usefulness of design elements and non-consumable goods company's management elements listed on the matrix, 8 experts were recruited for the Delphi survey. As a result, it was concluded that most of the design elements โ€“ design ability mostly - could be helpful for companies' management activities, and that the design elements were needed most for R&D, followed by public relation, development of alternatives โ€“ as a step in decision making process, and marketing. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the design elements can be useful to non-consumable goods companies. Namely, some of design elements can be used by the companies that have not adopted and used design, and furthermore, the attributes of design required by non-consumable goods companies have been suggested. Secondly, the possibility of expanding design elements that can be adopted and used for companies are suggested. While preceding studies suggest the design elements primarily from the perspective of in-house design company management, this study suggests the possibility of expanding the design elements from the overall perspectives of design ability, methods, process, etc. This study may well be significant in that it has explored the possibility of expanding the adoption and use of designs in companies. Merely, this study may be limited in that it is unclear that some design elements belong to designers' own professionalism, that it does not suggest some alternatives to 'how' the design elements can be adopted and operated, and that the usefulness of the design elements have not been tested for companies. It is hoped that this study will be followed up by future studies that will complement such limits of this study empirically.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  5 1.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„ 7 2. ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด ๋””์ž์ธ ๋„์ž…ยทํ™œ์šฉ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 9 2.1. ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด ๋””์ž์ธ ๋„์ž…ยทํ™œ์šฉ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑํ–ฅ 9 2.2. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 32 3. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด ๋„์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ 34 3.1. ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ด€์  34 3.2. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ์ถ”์ถœ 37 3.2.1. ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์˜์—ญ 37 3.2.2. ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ 42 3.2.3. ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 54 3.2.4. ๋””์ž์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค 63 3.2.5. ๋””์ž์ธ ์”ฝํ‚น 71 3.3. ๋””์ž์ธ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™” ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์†์„ฑ ์ข…ํ•ฉ 88 4. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ™œ๋™, ๋””์ž์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋„ ๋ฐ ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 91 4.1. ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ™œ๋™ ์š”์†Œ 91 4.1.1. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์˜์˜ ์ •์˜ 91 4.1.2. ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ 93 4.1.3. ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์› ๋ฐ ์šด์˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ 94 4.1.4. ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์˜์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค 96 4.2. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 97 4.3. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ž ์žฌ ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 102 4.3.1. ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 104 4.3.2. ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 105 4.4. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋””์ž์ธ ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 113 5. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜์—ญ ์ œ์–ธ 117 5.1. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…-๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ๋Œ€์‘ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค 117 5.2. ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 124 5.2.1. ๋ธํŒŒ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 124 5.2.2. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 131 5.2.3. ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 135 5.3. ๋น„์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜์—ญ ์ œ์–ธ 143 6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  146 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 150 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 155 Abstract 158์„

    A Study on Mediating Effects of Job Crafting and Organizational Commitment in the Relationship between Perceived Overโ€“Qualification and Job Satisfaction of Early Career worker in Small and Medium-Size Corporations: Focusing on Full-time office workers

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์‚ฐ์—…๊ต์œก๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ์ตœ์ˆ˜์ •.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ, ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ, ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ, ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…, ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ, ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž ์ค‘ ์ •๊ทœ์ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‘œ๋ณธ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฐ€ ์— ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜ ํŒจ๋„ 1,291,471๋ช… ์ค‘ ๋งŒ 20์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ์„ฑ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ Random Sampling์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 16,140๋ช…์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ ์†Œ์† ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ(๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์ˆ˜ 300์ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€), ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ ์ง„์ž…์—ฐ๋„(2015๋…„๋„ ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€), ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉํ˜•ํƒœ(์ •๊ทœ์ง ์—ฌ๋ถ€), ์ข…์‚ฌ ์ง์ข…(์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง ์—ฌ๋ถ€)์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 1,587๋ช…์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ, ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ, ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ, ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…, ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌธํ•ญ์€ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 11๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 54๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘์€ ์˜ˆ๋น„์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ 2018๋…„ 3์›” 29์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์›” 3์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ 61๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2018๋…„ 4์›” 6์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์›” 17์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ 344๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‹ค ์‘๋‹ต๊ณผ ์ด์ƒ์น˜(Outlier)๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 302๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„์€ SPSS 18.0 for Windows์™€ Hayes(2013)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ SPSS ๋งคํฌ๋กœ(macro) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ PROCESS v2.13๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž๋Š” ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต, ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์ง๊ธ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ, ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…, ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์€ ๋ถ€์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…, ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์ •์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์€ ์ •์ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์  ์ด์ค‘๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ๋†’์€ ํŽธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์— ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ง๋ฌด์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž์˜ ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ทจ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋งค๊ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์ด ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์ด ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘ ๋” ํผ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์กฐ์ง์€ ์ •๊ทœ์ง ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ์Šคํ‚ฌ๊ณผ์ž‰, ์Šคํ‚ฌ์ผ์น˜, ์Šคํ‚ฌ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์™€ Johnson et al(2002)์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ ์œ ํ˜• ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณ„๋กœ Johnson et al์˜ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Johnson et al์€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ์€ ์Šคํ‚ฌ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์Šคํ‚ฌ๊ณผ์ž‰์— ํŽธํ–ฅ๋œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Šคํ‚ฌ์ผ์น˜์™€ ์Šคํ‚ฌ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ๊ฐ„ ์‘๋‹ต์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Johnson et al์˜ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ‚ฌ๊ณผ์ž‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•๋“ค์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด U์žํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ์—ญU์žํ˜•์˜ 2์ฐจ์› ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ณ€์ธ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋ฌผ์ , ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถˆ์ด์ต์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง๋ฌด์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค, ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ, ํšŒ๋ณตํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 6 II. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 1. ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ž์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ 8 2. ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ 17 3. ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ 30 4. ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž… 37 5. ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ, ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ, ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ, ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 43 6. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋น„ํ™•๋ฅ ํ‘œ์ง‘ 51 III. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 56 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 56 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 56 3. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ 59 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 66 5. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„ 68 IV. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 73 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 73 2. ๋ณ€์ธ๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด 75 3. ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ™•์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ถ„์„ 82 4. ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ, ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ, ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…, ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 85 5. ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ž๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ 90 6. ๋…ผ์˜ 99 V. ์š”์•ฝ, ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 103 1. ์š”์•ฝ 103 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  105 3. ์ œ์–ธ 107 [์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ] 109 [๋ถ€๋ก] 139 [Abstract] 147Maste

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    A Study on Self-Refutation of Relativism in the Theaetetus of Plato

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ(์„œ์–‘์ฒ ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2020. 8. ๊ฐ•์„ฑํ›ˆ.๊ฐ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋น„ํŒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ•์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์€ ์ฒ ํ•™ ์ž์ฒด๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ž…์žฅ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผ์Œ์„ ๋˜์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค: ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ด์ œ๊ป ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์ด ์„ฑ์ทจํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”Œ๋ผํ†ค์˜ ใ€Žํ…Œ์•„์ดํ…Œํ† ์Šคใ€ํŽธ์— ๊ตญํ•œํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผํ†ค์˜ใ€Žํ…Œ์•„์ดํ…Œํ† ์Šคใ€ํŽธ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ทธ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์กด ์ตœ๊ณ (ๆœ€ๅค)์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ํ•™์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์šฐ์—ฐ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋ชจ์ข…์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”ใ€Žํ…Œ์•„์ดํ…Œํ† ์Šคใ€ํŽธ์˜ 1๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋…ํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ™๋„์„ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ•์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ• ๋…ผ๋ณ€์€ ๋…ผ์  ์ผํƒˆ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ ๊ฒฐ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์นด์Šคํƒ€๋‡ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ• ๋…ผ๋ณ€์ด ํ”„๋กœํƒ€๊ณ ๋ผ์Šค์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ”๋ž€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ™๋„์„ค์ด ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ฒฌ์ง€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ด์„์„ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ”๋ž€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ™๋„์„ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ”„๋กœํƒ€๊ณ ๋ผ์Šค๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ™๋„์„ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ด€๊ฑด์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์ฒ ํ•™ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฒ ํ•™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ž€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ• ๋…ผ๋ณ€ ์ดํ›„ ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์œ ์ „์„ค ๋…ผ๋ฐ•๊ณผ ํ…Œ์•„์ดํ…Œํ† ์Šค ๋…ผ๋ฐ•์„ ๋งˆ์ € ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต์  ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹ค๋ฒ„๋งŒ์€ ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค์˜ ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์œ ์ „์„ค ๋…ผ๋ฐ• ์—ญ์‹œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ•์ž„์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์œ ์ „์„ค์ด ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์–‘๋ฆฝ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ž€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ฑ์งˆ๋“ค ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์—์„œ ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์Œ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์ด๋‹ค: ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌผ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด๋Š” ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์œ ์ „์„ค ๋…ผ๋ฐ•์— ๋’ค์ด์–ด ์•Ž์ธ์ฆ‰ ์ง€๊ฐ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€๋œ๋‹ค: ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๋ฌผ์Œ์— ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค; ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์ง ์˜ํ˜ผ์ด ์ž์‹  ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ์จ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ž€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๋™์ผ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ธฐ๋™์ผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋œ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ง€๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ฒ ํ•™ํ•จ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง„์ƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ๋„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.It is commonplace to charge that relativists, according to whom what one believes is true for her, inevitably rebut themselves. Whereas the charge itself dates back to ancient times, when (western) philosophy arose in ancient Greece, relativism still remains philosophically appealing. We thus cannot help asking a question: what is it that philosophers who argued against relativism that it is self-refutational have achieved? This is what I shall deal with, while confining the discussion to the Theaetetus of Plato. For the Theaetetus is the oldest source where we find relativist doctrine and the so-called self-refutation argument in its fullness levelled against it. Relativism, from the beginning, seems to have been problematic for philosophy. Is this just a coincidence? What, then, is the relation between the two? We, rereading once again the first part of the Theaetetus, shall seek for an answer. Man-measure doctrine, according to which all the appearances and beliefs are true for the one who has them, turns out to be self-refutational, so argues Socrates. The argument has been thought of as a failure, either missing the point or begging the question, until recently when it is noticed that the self-refutation argument alludes to a debateful dialectic between Protagoras and his opponents. What Socrates, Luca Castagnoli claims, shows is that the man-measure doctrine is dialectically untenable, not that it has negative truth value, namely falsehood. What if, then, Protagoras does not ever enter the dialectic? If so, is it not possible for Protagoras to behave like a relativist, still believing in his man-measure doctrine? The point is, it seems, what a philosopher has to do with dialectic, the reason why we as philosophers do our job conversing and disputing, not only with each other, but also with oneself alone. For an answer, we must not leave behind what, following the self-refutation argument, Socrates lays out refuting Heracliteans and Theaetetus respectively. Allan Silverman recently shows that Socrates, rebutting Heracliteans, could be understood as accusing them also of self-refuting. For Socrates argues Heraclitean flux is incompatible with language. The argument turns out to be assuming a condition for the possibility of language, that is, for language to be possible at least qualities themselves should not all the way be altering; they must be open to repetition. This in turn makes it possible to question and answer at least on qualities. Then a question arises: how could one give a right answer on what quality something has? This is answered by Socrates who in what follows rebutting Theaetetus considers whether or not perception and knowledge are one and the same: one could not answer the question what quality something has via perception; the quality being asked could only be given by the soul calculating and comparing in itself what it suffers. What is grasped as a result is self-identity of a quality. This self-identified quality, in that it is not dependent on a perceiver, may be regarded as objective. In the end, if what we as philosophers want to know is some objective truth(s), then dialectic would grant us what exactly we aspire to know.1 ์„œ๋ก  1 2 ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ™๋„์„ค ๋…ผ๋ฐ• : ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ• ๋…ผ๋ณ€ 7 2.1 ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜์ž ํ”„๋กœํƒ€๊ณ ๋ผ์Šค 7 2.1.1 ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ™๋„์„ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์  8 2.1.2 ๋ฒ„๋‹ˆ์˜›์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜ ํ•ด์„ 11 2.1.2.1 ์ง„๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜ 12 2.1.2.2 ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ™๋„์„ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ. 14 2.2 ๋Œ€ํ™”์  ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ• ๋…ผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ• ๋…ผ๋ณ€. 18 2.2.1 ๋‹จ์ผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ฐ€์ • 18 2.2.2 ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ• ๋…ผ๋ณ€ ์ด๋ฉด์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ 22 2.2.2.1 ์—๋ฐ€์†์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ 23 2.2.2.2 ์นด์Šคํƒ€๋‡ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ • ์ œ์•ˆ 27 3 ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์œ ์ „์„ค ๋…ผ๋ฐ• : ์‹คํ–‰์  ์ž๊ธฐ๋…ผ๋ฐ• 33 3.1 ๊ทน๋‹จ์  ํ—ค๋ผํด๋ ˆ์ดํ† ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฐ• 35 3.2 ๋น„๋ฐ€์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ 44 3.2.1 ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์œ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋น„๋ฐ€์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ ์ด๋ก  46 3.2.1.1 ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์œ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ 49 3.2.1.2 ๋น„๋ฐ€์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ ์ด๋ก  53 3.2.2 ๋น„๋ฐ€์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ๊ณผ ๊ทน๋‹จ์  ํ—ค๋ผํด๋ ˆ์ดํ† ์Šค์ฃผ์˜ 60 3.3 ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 64 3.3.1 ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค 66 3.3.1.1 ํ—ค๋ผํด๋ ˆ์ดํ† ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ”„๋กœํƒ€๊ณ ๋ผ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์ž 67 3.3.1.2 ์˜ํ˜ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 68 3.3.2 ํ…Œ์•„์ดํ…Œํ† ์Šค ๋…ผ๋ฐ• 70 3.3.2.1 ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ 70 3.3.2.2 ์ž๊ธฐ๋™์ผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•์ƒ 75 4 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  77 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 81 Abstract 87Maste

    ่ซธๅฎฎ่ชฟ็ก็ฉถ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :ไธญ่ชžไธญๆ–‡ๅญธ็ง‘ ไธญๆ–‡ๅญธๅฐˆๆ”ป,1996.Docto

    ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์—ญํ•™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    Doctor๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์Šต์œค์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ฐ›์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ๋ฌผ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์ด 150๋„ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ, ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฌ์งˆ์˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ธต์„ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํฐ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค‘์ด๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์••, ๋น—๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด๋ฉด ์šด๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ํ‰ํ˜• ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์ –์Œ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์••๋ ฅ์ธ ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์—ญํ•™์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ๋™์  ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ –์Œ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ €์šธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์—ญํ•™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ ๊ฑฐ๋™์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ –์Œ์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์—ญํ•™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์—ญํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ €์šธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด์™„ ๋ถ„์„ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์† ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€ QCM์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์›จ๋ฒ„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ –์Œ์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฐํ™” ์•„์—ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์™€์ด์–ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํƒ„์†Œ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ ๊ธธ์ด (C0 โ€“ C12)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•Œํ‚ฌ-ํ‹ฐ์˜ฌ ๋ถ„์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์™€์ด์–ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด (C0 โ€“ C6)๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ (C18)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์—ญํ•™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์Šต์œค ๋ฐ ๋˜ํŠ•๊น€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ €์šธ์€ ๊ณต๋ช…์ง„๋™์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ์นจํˆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ €์šธ์€ ๊ณ ์† ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์›จ๋ฒ„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ C12 ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ์ค€-์•ˆ์ •์ ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ , ๋ฏธ์„ธ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—ญํ•™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ €์šธ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์† ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ ๊นจ์ง ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™” ์•„์—ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์™€์ด์–ด์™€ ๋ฐ€ํ๋œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„ ์ €์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ๋‹จ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์‚ฐํ™” ์•„์—ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฌผ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์€ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์‚ฐํ™” ์•„์—ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ถฉ๋Œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ๋†’์€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ๊บ ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์‚ฐํ™” ์•„์—ฐ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ ๊นจ์ง์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฌผ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ๊นจ์ง ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌผ์ค„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋˜ํŠ•๊น€ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดˆ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ•ญ์˜ค์—ผ์„ฑ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.Among the various biomimetic techniques, the study of surface wettability has long been of interest not only because of its theoretical importance but also because of its broad influence in practical applications. Superhydrophobic surfaces are surfaces with a water contact angle of more than 150o, and have the same effect as fixing an air layer on the surface by preventing water from penetrating into surface structure by the hydrophobicity of the surface material and roughness of the surface morphology. Superhydrophobic surfaces has a huge potential in various application, but there are problems to apply the superhydrophobic surfaces in real life. Typically, the superhydrophobic surface has a problem in stability when used for a long period of time or under dynamic conditions. Water doesn't always contact superhydrophobic surfaces gently. In a general environment, it contacts the surface with various external forces such as water pressure if it is underwater, kinetic energy if it is raindrops. In this process, the stability of superhydrophobicity is difficult to represent with the contact angle obtained from the equilibrium state, and must be expressed by the capillary pressure which is anti-wetting pressure of the surface. Impact dynamics were studied not only for investigating dynamic behavior of the water droplets on a surface but for determining anti-wetting pressure. In chapter 2, quantitative and surface-sensitive method to characterize impact dynamics was developed using a quartz crystal microbalance. Quantitative analysis of water droplet behavior under dynamic conditions is one of the critical challenges for applications of wettability-controlled surfaces. Currently, various optical analysis techniques have been employed to analyze impact dynamics. Despite the convenience of direct observation of water droplets, most of these techniques have limited applicability to microscopic and quantitative investigations. In an effort to overcome these limitations, here, we suggest a complementary analysis platform using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to study impact dynamics. A high-speed camera and QCM were applied together to study the behavior of water droplets that impact wettability-controlled surfaces with various We numbers (Weber number). For these experiments, ZnO nanowire surfaces were prepared and chemically modified by alkyl-thiol molecules with various carbon chain lengths (C0 โ€“ C12) to control the surface energy. For nanowire surfaces with high surface energies (C0 โ€“ C6) and for the lowest surface energy sample (C18), both methods exhibited highly consistent impact dynamics, showing stable wetting and dewetting properties, respectively. In addition to these apparent behaviors, QCM was further able to provide detailed microscopic information regarding the penetration and deformation of water droplets in a quantitative way based on acoustic sensing. More interestingly, QCM was able to determine the metastable water repellency of a C12-modified surface with a high We number, which could not be detected by the high-speed camera. These results suggest the significant potential of QCM as a new platform to analyze the impact dynamics of water droplets via quantitative, microscopic investigations. In chapter 3, the effect of pore structures on the anti-splashing properties of superhydrophobic surfaces investigated using a high-speed camera. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires with open air pockets and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) with sealed air pockets were synthesized and subsequently treated with a low-energy self-assembled monolayer to render their surfaces superhydrophobic. The water contact angle of the superhydrophobic ZnO surface (SH-ZnO) was almost identical to that of the superhydrophobic AAO surface (SH-AAO); however, SH-AAO exhibited greater adhesion than SH-ZnO, which we attributed to the difference in the structures of air pockets. In addition, when a water droplet impacted SH-AAO, the surface effectively suppressed droplet splashing because of high adhesion; by contrast, the conventional superhydrophobic surface (i.e., SH-ZnO) promoted droplet splashing because of the presence of an air layer between the impacting water and the solid surface. The anti-splashing behavior of SH-AAO was observed not only for the impact of a water droplet but also for the impact of a water jet on the surface
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