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    C์˜ ์ €์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ์กฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ํ—ˆ์ถฉ๊ธธ.์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ C ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋Š” ์ €์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ C ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ•  ๋•Œ ์ €์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•™๊ณ„์™€ ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ์ค‘๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ์ €์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ž˜ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ž˜ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์—์„œ ์š”๊ธดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ €์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ๋™์‹œ์„ฑ, ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ, ์ •์ˆ˜-ํฌ์ธํ„ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋…ผ์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋“ค์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์‹คํ–‰์˜๋ฏธ์— ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ Coq ์ฆ๋ช…๊ธฐ ์œ„์—์„œ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.To improve the performance of C programs, mainstream compilers perform aggressive optimizations that may change the behaviors of programs that use low-level features in unidiomatic ways. Unfortunately, despite many years of research and industrial efforts, it has proven very difficult to adequately balance the conflicting criteria for low-level features and compiler optimizations in the design of the C programming language. On the one hand, C should support the common usage patterns of the low-level features in systems programming. On the other hand, C should also support the sophisticated and yet effective optimizations performed by mainstream compilers. None of the existing proposals for C semantics, however, sufficiently support low-level features and compiler optimizations at the same time. In this dissertation, we resolve the conflict between some of the low-level features crucially used in systems programming and major compiler optimizations. Specifically, we develop the first formal semantics of relaxed-memory concurrency, separate compilation, and cast between integers and pointers that (1) supports their common usage patterns and reasoning principles for programmers, and (2) provably validates major compiler optimizations at the same time. To establish confidence in our formal semantics, we have formalized most of our key results in the Coq theorem prover, which automatically and rigorously checks the validity of the results.Abstract Acknowledgements Chapter I Prologue Chapter II Relaxed-Memory Concurrency Chapter III Separate Compilation and Linking Chapter IV Cast between Integers and Pointers Chapter V Epilogue ์ดˆ๋กDocto

    A study on Bidding Behaviors of Participants in Wholesale Electricity Market

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ๋ฐ•์ƒ์ธ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋„๋งค ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์‹œ์žฅํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ์ž…์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ธ ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ํ•˜๋ฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ํ”ผํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋žต์  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์ž…์ฐฐ(์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ฒ ํšŒ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์œค์ฆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊พ€ํ•  ์œ ์ธ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์˜ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚œ 10์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋žต์  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์ž…์ฐฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ดˆ๊ณผ์ž…์ฐฐ ์ฆ‰ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ž…์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์ธ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ž…์ฐฐํ–‰์œ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ์งธ, ์ „๋žต์  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์ž…์ฐฐ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์‚ฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์š”์ธ, ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ, ๋ฐœ์ „์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ์˜ ์•ฝํ•œ Market Power ๋“ฑ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „๋žต์  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์ž…์ฐฐ์ด ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์ž…์ฐฐ ์ด์™ธ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์ธ์ด ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ3 ์š”์ธ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ—ˆ์šฉ์˜ค์ฐจ๋‚˜ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์‚ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ฑ ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„, ์˜จ๋„์™€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์š”์ธ, ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ, Market Power, ๊ทœ์ œํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ทœ์ •, ํ†ต์ œ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ, ์ž…์ฐฐ์ „๋žต ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์—๋Š” ํ•œ์ „์ด ํ•œ์ „์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ถ„์„ 100% ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž…์ฐฐํ–‰์œ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Market Power์— ์˜ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ ์œ ์œจ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ ์ „๋žต์  ์ž…์ฐฐ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทœ์ œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์€ ํ•œ์ „์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด์ •๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ต์ฆ๊ฐ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ์‡„๋˜์–ด ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋žต์  ์ž…์ฐฐ์„ ํ•  ์œ ์ธ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ น ๋“ฑ์ด ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์€ ์ดˆ๊ณผ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฏธ์ •์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œ์žฅ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ†ต์ œ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋‚ด์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฐฐ์ „๋žต์— ์˜ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์€ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์™€ ์†Œ์†๋ถ€์„œ ๋ฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ „์ฒด ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ž…์ฐฐ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… ์ง์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฐฐํ–‰์œ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ž…์ฐฐํ–‰ํƒœ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ด๋‹น ์ง์› ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒ๋งค์‚ฌ์—…์ž์ธ ํ•œ์ „๊ฐ„์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ5์žฅ์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” ์ด์œค์ฆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์ ์ธ ์ž…์ฐฐํ–‰์œ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ์ „๊ณผ ํ•œ์ „์˜ 6๊ฐœ ๋ฐœ์ „์žํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ(๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€์ œ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ทœ์ œ, ๋ฐœ์ „์žํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ˆœ์ด์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ์ „์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ ํšŒ์ˆ˜)๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ Market power, ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ์‹œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์™ธ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ ์ฆ‰ ์ œ3์˜ ์š”์ธ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•œ์ „๊ณผ ํ•œ์ „์˜ 6๊ฐœ ๋ฐœ์ „์žํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž…์ฐฐํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ ์›์ธ์„ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ทœ์น™๊ฐœ์ • ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•๋ น ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ •๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Abstract A study on Bidding Behaviors of Participants in Wholesale Electricity Market Kang Ji-Hoon Department of Public Enterprise Policy The Graduate School of Public Administration Seoul National University ................................................... The purpose of this study is to answer the question why there are bidding errors(difference between bidding amount submitted by generators and real availability of the power plant). This study contains analysis of market behaviors of generators in Korean wholesale electricity market where power is traded like general commodities. Chapter 3 is about the concept of cause of bidding errors and analytical framework. Earlier studies concluded that the main reason of bidding behaviors in electricity market in Korea is strategic behavior such as withholding which is effective in lower capacity price condition or lower electricity reserve ratio. Because in those periods generators are able to boost profit by withholding their generating availability and making the market price higher. However, for the last 10 years there wasnt any case of strategic withholding by generators. On the contrary to this, over-bidding took place very often. Generators have a tendency to submit the availabilities much more than real availabilities of power plants. I wanted to find out the main reason of bidding errors. The research method that I used was semi-structured interview and through it I collected various causes affecting generating bidding errors. In chapter 4, I described interview results. Firstly, the reason why strategic withholding does not take place was founded by interview such as corporate governance in power industry, penalty system, public enterprise performance evaluation for generating companies, weak market power of private generators. etc. Secondly, if the strategic withholding is not the key reason of bidding error, there must be another factors causing the error. Through the interview I found out important factors that affecting the bidding errors. Those factors are market rule problems(e.g. settlement rule not giving a payment on generated amount excess the availability generator bid), public enterprise performance evaluation for generating companies by KEPCO-supply company, sudden changes of external environment such as temperature or power system frequency, unpredictability events, strategy made by staffs in charge of bidding. And in chapter 4, I have written down additional analysis on the results of the interview. I break down factors effecting bidding errors into several categories such as corporate governance, Market Power, regulation environment, trading rules, unpredictability events, bidding strategy. And then I analysed the relations between these classified factors. In addition, change of interest among entities(like generation companies, staffs in generation companies, KEPCO) in electricity market according to bidding types or strategies was analysed. The factor of corporate governance are cases like KEPCOs collecting dividend from 100% subsidiary companies, 6 generators and as a parents company evaluating performance of subsidiary companies. These fact can affect bidding behaviors of generators. The factor of Market Power is that private generators have too low market share and they dont have various generating facility portfolios and cannot wield a meaningful market power through bidding strategy. The factor of regulation environment is such as deleting the cause of strategic behaviors through price control by correcting factor rule. Because correcting factor rule consequently lessen the effect of price fluctuation. And market monitoring environment and penalty system are also categorized in the factor of regulation environment. The factor of trading rules is such thing as not paying on generated energy excess the bid availability. In the factors of unpredictability events is changes of temperature or power system frequency, lower-quality fuel and loss-of-site power which cannot accurately calculated or expected. The last one is the factor such as bidding strategy and vacational ethics as a staff of public company. In chapter 5, I described the conclusion of this study. Bidding error is affected from more third factors such as corporate governance among KEPCO group, regulating or monitoring environment than pure trading factors in the power market. Especially, corporate governance is affecting in various ways. So, to decrease the bidding error we have to improve of governance among public companies. Of course based on understanding of this fact development of related market rules and readjustment of penalty laws are also needed.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ œ๋„๋ถ„์„ 4 1. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํŠน์„ฑ 4 2. ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์žฅ ์ž…์ฐฐ์ œ๋„ 5 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 8 1. ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜• 8 2. ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ดˆ๊ณผ์ž…์ฐฐ ํ•ด์†Œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 9 3. ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 10 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 12 1. ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ดˆ๊ณผ์ž…์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๋„๋•์  ํ•ด์ด 12 2. ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์ž…์ฐฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก  13 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„ 18 1. ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ดˆ๊ณผ์ž…์ฐฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 18 2. ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ดˆ๊ณผ์ž…์ฐฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  18 3. ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์ž…์ฐฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 4. ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์ž…์ฐฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  21 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 24 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 24 2. ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 25 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ 28 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 33 3. ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ) 34 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 35 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์ž…์ฐฐ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ด์œ  3 1. ์ „๋ ฅ์‚ฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ 37 2. ๋†’์€ ์ ๋ฐœํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ 41 3. ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„ 44 4. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ Market Power 48 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ3 ์š”์ธ๋“ค 51 1. ์‹œ์žฅ๊ทœ์น™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ(ํ—ˆ์šฉ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ทœ์ •, ์ •์‚ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹) 52 2. ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์›์ธ 55 3. ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™” 56 4. ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์š”๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ธ 63 5. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค 64 6. ์ž…์ฐฐ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ 67 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 71 1. ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 71 2. ์ž…์ฐฐ์˜ค์ฐจ ์›์ธ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ 74 3. ๋ฐœ์ „์ž…์ฐฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค 76 4. ์ž…์ฐฐํ–‰ํƒœ๋ณ„ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 80 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  85 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 85 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์ œ์•ˆ 87 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  87 2. ์ •์ฑ… ์ œ์•ˆ 88 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 91Maste

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    Thesis(doctors) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€ (๊ณ ๋ถ„์žํ™”ํ•™์ „๊ณต),2009.2.Docto

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