Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Status in Primary Breast Cancer – A Study of 11,273 Patients from the Year 1990 to 2002

The aim of this study was to gain insight of the breast cancer hormone receptor status of our patients, its stratification according to age as well as its changes during the period of 13 years. 11,273 patients with primary breast cancer from several towns in Croatia were included in this study. Patients’ tumour specimens were collected from 1990 to 2002 and were analysed on estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors in the Laboratory of the Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb. More than half of our breast cancer patients had ER positive tumours (54.3%). We observed ER+ tumours increased with age continuously, with highest percentage in the age group of 70 to 79 years (68.1%). Similarly, proportion of PR+ tumours was higher in the older age groups, being the highest between 40 and 49 years (55.9%). During 13 years of the study, the increase in frequency and proportion of ER+ tumours was observed (from 52% in 1990 to 62% in 2002) and decrease of PR+ tumours (56% to 53%). We confirm previous findings that the risk of hormone dependent breast cancer increases with aging. Risk of ER+ breast cancer increased for 10% from 1990 to 2002 and PR+ tumours decreased for 3.5% in the same period

SKA - EoR correlations and cross-correlations: kSZ, radio galaxies, and NIR background

The Universe's Cosmic Dawn (CD) and Epoch of Reionization (EoR) can be studied using a number of observational probes that provide complementary or corroborating information. Each of these probes suffers from its own systematic and statistical uncertainties. It is therefore useful to consider the mutual information that these data sets contain. In this paper, we discuss a potential of cross-correlations between the SKA cosmological 21 cm data with: (i) the kinetic Sunyaev- Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect in the CMB data; (ii) the galaxy surveys; and (iii) near infrared (NIR) backgrounds.Comment: Accepted for publication in the SKA Science Book 'Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array', to appear in 201

TAKSONOMIJA METODA AKADEMSKOG PLAGIRANJA

The article gives an overview of the plagiarism domain, with focus on academic plagiarism. The article defines plagiarism, explains the origin of the term, as well as plagiarism related terms. It identifies the extent of the plagiarism domain and then focuses on the plagiarism subdomain of text documents, for which it gives an overview of current classifications and taxonomies and then proposes a more comprehensive classification according to several criteria: their origin and purpose, technical implementation, consequence, complexity of detection and according to the number of linguistic sources. The article suggests the new classification of academic plagiarism, describes sorts and methods of plagiarism, types and categories, approaches and phases of plagiarism detection, the classification of methods and algorithms for plagiarism detection. The title of the article explicitly targets the academic community, but it is sufficiently general and interdisciplinary, so it can be useful for many other professionals like software developers, linguists and librarians.Rad daje pregled domene plagiranja tekstnih dokumenata. Opisuje porijeklo pojma plagijata, daje prikaz definicija te objašnjava plagijatu srodne pojmove. Ukazuje na širinu domene plagiranja, a za tekstne dokumenate daje pregled dosadašnjih taksonomija i predlaže sveobuhvatniju taksonomiju prema više kriterija: porijeklu i namjeni, tehničkoj provedbi plagiranja, posljedicama plagiranja, složenosti otkrivanja i (više)jezičnom porijeklu. Rad predlaže novu klasifikaciju akademskog plagiranja, prikazuje vrste i metode plagiranja, tipove i kategorije plagijata, pristupe i faze otkrivanja plagiranja. Potom opisuje klasifikaciju metoda i algoritama otkrivanja plagijata. Iako cilja na akademskog čitatelja, može biti od koristi u interdisciplinarnim područjima te razvijateljima softvera, lingvistima i knjižničarima

Uloga Republike Hrvatske u zaštiti vanjskih granica Europske unije te tijela i mehanizmi za provedbu schengenske pravne stečevine

The role of the Republic of Croatia regarding the complex system of border control mechanisms regarding internal European Union borders, as well as supervision and control of external borders, is analysed in this paper. The position of the Republic of Croatia in the field of external border protection upon entry into the Schengen Area is also examined. Furthermore, the paper explains protection mechanisms and measures introduced by the European institutions under the emergency procedure after the major migrant crisis of 2015 and 2016 and a series of terrorist attacks in the heart of Europe that violated the fundamental values of the European community and brought insecurity into the lives of its citizens. The problems of introducing such urgent measures, especially temporary control measures at the internal borders of the European Union, are also clarified. In addition, this paper investigates the justification of the aforementioned measures in light of the general principles of the European Union legal system. An overview of the observed structural shortcomings in managing the Union’s external border is also given. The paper presents specific EU measures, bodies and mechanisms set up to protect the external borders and needed for the operation of the single market within the EU.U radu se analizira uloga Republike Hrvatske u kompleksnom sustavu mehanizama kontrole prelaska osoba preko unutarnjih granica Europske unije kao i u nadzoru i kontroli na vanjskim granicama. Razmatra se pozicija Republike Hrvatske u području zaštite vanjske granice po ulasku u Schengenski prostor. Objašnjavaju se mehanizmi zaštite kao i mjere koje su uvedene od strane europskih institucija po hitnom postupku nakon velike migrantske krize 2015. i 2016. godine te niza terorističkih napada u samom srcu Europe a koji su narušili temeljne vrijednosti europskog zajedništva i unijeli nesigurnost u živote europskih građana. Pojašnjavaju se i problemi uvođenja takvih hitnih mjera, prvenstveno mjera privremene kontrole na unutarnjim granicama Europske unije. Preispituje se njihova utemeljenost s obzirom na opća načela pravnog sustava Europske unije. Daje se osvrt i na uočene strukturne nedostatke u upravljanju vanjskom granicom Unije. U radu se prikazuju i konkretne mjere, tijela i mehanizmi Europske unije koji služe zaštiti vanjskih granica Europske unije ali i funkcioniranju jedinstvenog tržišta EU-a

Primjena molekulskih ciljanih lijekova u bolesnika s proširenim rakom debelog crijeva

The introduction of targeted therapies has made substantial progress in advanced colorectal cancer treatment. Compared to chemotherapy, which is unselective – cytotoxic for both healthy and malignant cells and thus causes multiple adverse events, the targeted therapy is directed upon specific tumor cell markers. This leads to lower toxicity and improves therapy results. There are several groups of agents used in targeted therapy and two are in clinical use: monoclonal antibodies and small molecules – inhibitors of tyrosine kynase. Monoclonal antibody therapy is highly tumor specific with low toxicity. Two main functions of antibodies include recognizing and binding of antigens, and subsequently provoking immunological response of the patient. Small molecules act as inhibitors of tyrozine kynase intracellular domain, preventing phosphorilation and intracellular signal transduction. The tagreted therapy of colorectal cancer is directed upon EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and its intracellular signal transduction as well as neoangiogenesis.Uvođenjem ciljanih terapija postignut je znatan napredak u liječenju uznapredovalog raka debelog crijeva. U usporedbi s kemoterapijom, koja je neselektivna – citotoksična i za zdrave i zloćudne stanice te ima višestruke štetne učinke, ciljana terapija usmjerena je prema specifičnim obilježjima tumorskih stanica. Time se postiže manja toksičnost i bolji rezultati liječenja. U ciljanoj terapiji primjenjuje se nekoliko skupina lijekova, a dvije su u kliničkoj uporabi: monoklonska protutijela i male molekule – inhibitori tirozin kinaze. Monoklonska protuutijela djeluju vrlo specifično na tumor, a toksičnost im je mala. Dvije glavne funkcije protutijela jesu prepoznavanje i vezanje antigena, a time i poticanje imunološkog odgovora u bolesnika. Male molekule djeluju kao inhibitori tirozin kinaze u unutarstaničnoj domeni te priječi fosforilaciju i unutarstanični prijenos signala. Ciljana terapija raka debeloga crijeva usmjerena je na receptor epidermalnog čimbenika rasta i unutarstanični prijenos signala te neoangiogenezu

Migration and Enterpreneurial Experience of Female Returnees on the Croatian Adriatic Coast and Islands

Return movements of women migrants to their home countries are in the focus of this work. Discussion is based on the life stories of the three migrants/returnees from the northeastern Adriatic coast and islands who have emigrated to Italy and Germany. Through the analysis of interviews the process of return to the homeland is examined as well as motivation and the reasons that prompted it, the context in which the return was carried out, the readjustment to the new/old surroundings and the role of the returnee at an individual and social level in the country of origin. Aside from the realisation of repatriation to the homeland, the returnees invested their capital acquired in the country of immigration into their hometowns: Zadar and Istrian coast and the island of Cres. Migration experience has enabled them to accumulate the capital necessary for their successful return, reintegration, and realization of entrepreneurial ideas. Their entrepreneurial initiatives have a positive impact on the economic development of the place and country of origin

Primjena molekulskih ciljanih lijekova u bolesnika s proširenim rakom debelog crijeva

The introduction of targeted therapies has made substantial progress in advanced colorectal cancer treatment. Compared to chemotherapy, which is unselective – cytotoxic for both healthy and malignant cells and thus causes multiple adverse events, the targeted therapy is directed upon specific tumor cell markers. This leads to lower toxicity and improves therapy results. There are several groups of agents used in targeted therapy and two are in clinical use: monoclonal antibodies and small molecules – inhibitors of tyrosine kynase. Monoclonal antibody therapy is highly tumor specific with low toxicity. Two main functions of antibodies include recognizing and binding of antigens, and subsequently provoking immunological response of the patient. Small molecules act as inhibitors of tyrozine kynase intracellular domain, preventing phosphorilation and intracellular signal transduction. The tagreted therapy of colorectal cancer is directed upon EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and its intracellular signal transduction as well as neoangiogenesis.Uvođenjem ciljanih terapija postignut je znatan napredak u liječenju uznapredovalog raka debelog crijeva. U usporedbi s kemoterapijom, koja je neselektivna – citotoksična i za zdrave i zloćudne stanice te ima višestruke štetne učinke, ciljana terapija usmjerena je prema specifičnim obilježjima tumorskih stanica. Time se postiže manja toksičnost i bolji rezultati liječenja. U ciljanoj terapiji primjenjuje se nekoliko skupina lijekova, a dvije su u kliničkoj uporabi: monoklonska protutijela i male molekule – inhibitori tirozin kinaze. Monoklonska protuutijela djeluju vrlo specifično na tumor, a toksičnost im je mala. Dvije glavne funkcije protutijela jesu prepoznavanje i vezanje antigena, a time i poticanje imunološkog odgovora u bolesnika. Male molekule djeluju kao inhibitori tirozin kinaze u unutarstaničnoj domeni te priječi fosforilaciju i unutarstanični prijenos signala. Ciljana terapija raka debeloga crijeva usmjerena je na receptor epidermalnog čimbenika rasta i unutarstanični prijenos signala te neoangiogenezu