The 2007 International Convention Against Enforced Disappearance : Some reflections

No Abstrac

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel 2-azetidinones and 4-thiazolidinones derivatives

Several 2-azetidinones 2a-e and 4-thiazolidinones 3a-e have been synthesized from halo-substituted Schiff bases using conventional as well as microwave technique. The newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic technique. Further, all compounds screened for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Most of the titled compounds show potent activity

The Judicial System of Ethiopia: From ‘Empire’ to ‘Military Junta’ to ‘Federal Democratic Republic’: A Legacy Perspective

Ethiopia in her journey from an imperial regime to a Federal Democratic Republic polity has witnessed different judicial systems that has emerged from, and premised on, the then prevalent political philosophy and ideology. During the era of Emperor Menelik II, the judiciary was considered a part of the executive as the Ministry of Justice. Afe Negus, was the head of the judges and was entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring that the judges delivered justice in accordance with the ‘Fetha Negast’. Emperor Haile Selassie I, who took keen interest in codification of the laws, promulgated two Constitutions in 1931 and 1955 respectively during his reign and injected the idea of independence of judiciary and adjudication according to law. However, military junta, which suspended operation of the Revised Constitution (1955), made the judicial system amenable to executive and hence a crippled institution. The contemporary three tier judicial system established under, and governed by, the FDRE Constitution (1995) asserts judicial independence and justice according to law. But the constitutional paradigm, contrary to the constitutional assertion, does not assure structural and functional autonomy to courts and through a couple of calculative designs, leaves scope for executive interference in the administration of justice. This paper not only traces the judicial system of Ethiopia which is in vogue, but also highlights the inherent defects in its structural and functional facets and pleads for apposite reforms

Open-Coil Retraction Spring

Sliding mechanic has become a popular method for space closure with developments in preadjusted edgewise appliance. Furthermore, various space closing auxiliaries have been developed and evaluated extensively for their clinical efficiency. Their effectiveness enhanced with optimum force magnitude and low-load deflection rate (LDR)/force decay. With the advent of NiTi springs in orthodontics, LDRs have been markedly reduced. For use of NiTi, clinician has to depend upon prefabricated closed coil springs. “Open Coil Retraction Spring (OCRS)” is developed utilizing NiTi open-coil spring for orthodontic space closure. This paper describes fabrication and clinical application of OCRS which have number of advantages. It sustains low LDR with optimum force magnitude. Its design is adjustable for desired length and force level. It is fail-safe for both activation and deactivation (i.e., it cannot be over activated, and decompression limit of open coil is also controlled by the operator, resp.). A possibility to offset the OCRS away from mucosa helps to reduce its soft-tissue impingement

Optimizing Anterior En Masse Retraction with Miniscrew Anchorage

In severely protrusive patients, skeletal anchorage from miniscrew is often used to avoid anchorage loss with preferred miniscrew location near centre of resistance (Cres) of posterior teeth. Biomechanical requirement for directing retraction force towards Cres of posterior teeth demands the insertion of miniscrew in loose mucosa, where risk of infection and failure increases. In addition, undesirable biomechanical side effects on anterior and posterior segments may be possible in all three planes, when continuous arch sliding mechanics are installed with miniscrew anchorage. This paper describes technique of molar-stabilizing power arm (MSPA) for simultaneous intrusion and retraction of anteriors with miniscrew placement at attached gingiva between 1st molar and 2nd premolar. Advantages of this technique include (i) the need of miniscrews placement in loose mucosa apically near the Cres of the posterior teeth is eliminated, (ii) the risk of infection and miniscrew failure is lowered since the miniscrew is placed in attached gingiva rather than the loose mucosa, and (iii) by adjusting vertical length or replacing MSPA, alteration of the retraction force vector is possible in all three planes; thus, need of removal and repositioning of the miniscrew (e.g., in correction of occlusal cant) can be eliminated

Vibhute Class-II Correction Appliance (VCCA): In-Office Fabrication and Clinical Installation of Appliance

Hybrid fixed functional appliances has gained the popularity for growth modification in noncompliant patients. But for this, clinicians have to depend on certain commercially available appliances. Additionally, these appliances have less scope in changing their length as per patient’s requirement of particular mandibular advancement. This article explains the chair-side fabrication of open coil NiTi spring loaded hybrid type fixed functional appliance. This custom made tinier and hygienic design provide stable fixation, less breakages with increased range of mandibular movement involving unrestricted mouth opening. Chair side fabrication is quick, with ease in installation of appliance and is inexpensive

Emergency obstetric hysterectomy: experience at a tertiary care centre in Central India

Background: Obstetric hysterectomy is an important procedure in modern obstetrics and its proper indications, risks and complications need to be studied for judicious usage and improvement in outcome.Methods: A retrospective, record-based study was carried out over one and a half years at a tertiary care government hospital. All the patients who underwent emergency obstetric hysterectomy at the study centre during study period were studied. Labour room register, operation room register for emergency and elective cases, case records, referral slips and mortality register data were reviewed for the same and outcomes analysed.Results: Total 33 patients underwent emergency obstetric hysterectomy, with the incidence observed at 0.21%. The most common indications were atonic post-partum hemorrhage (42.4%), uterine rupture (33.3%) and morbidly adherent placenta (18.1%). Prior cesarean section (36.4%) and placenta previa (15.1%) were the commonest predisposing factors associated with PPH and uterine rupture. Subtotal hysterectomy (66.7%) was observed to be the preferred type of surgery. Out of total 7 maternal deaths that occurred, 4 (57%) were because of disseminated intravascular coagulation.Conclusions: There is increasing trend in the rate of obstetric hysterectomy along with rise in rate of previous LSCS, emphasizing the importance of the mode of delivery. Measures to reduce the rate of primary cesarean section are advisable

Speaker Identification System for Hindi And Marathi Languages using Wavelet and Support Vector Machine

In this paper, a speaker identification system using speech processing for Hindi and Marathi languages is developed. Database of common words between Hindi and Marathi languages whose script is common but pronunciation is different is created. Here feature extraction is performed by using Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD) and classification is performed by using Support Vector Machine (SVM). As compared to the conventional feature extraction techniques wavelet transform is very much suitable for processing speech signals which are non-stationary in nature because of its efficient time frequency localizations and multi-resolution characteristics. Also SVM is well suitable for addressing speaker identification task. Recognition accuracy of 99.77% is obtained whereas real time recognition accuracy of 84.66% is obtained in identical condition using this hybrid architecture of WPD and SVM. In noisy conditions recognition accuracy of 60% is obtained. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.16049

OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED SOLVENT-FREE SYNTHESIS OF SOME SCHIFF BASES

Objective: To optimize microwave assisted solvent free synthesis of Schiff bases of aromatic aldehydes and aromatic amines (ethyl 4-aminobenzoate) by using wetting reagent ð›½-ethoxyethanol. The goal of this study was to investigate the % yields and time required for the completion of reaction for Schiff bases by microwave and conventional conditions.Methods: Schiff bases have been synthesized by condensation of substituted various aromatic aldehyde (.001 mol) with Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate (.001 mol) by two different methods as by conventional method (Heating) & Microwave accelerated synthesis by using wetting reagent ð›½-ethoxyethanol. The reaction time for conventional method and microwave method is in the range of 60-240 min and 10-180s respectively. All the synthesized compounds recrystallized & characterized by IR, NMR, and Mass and element analysis.Results: The simple microwave assisted solvent-free method for the synthesis of Schiff bases using a wetting reagent (ð›½-ethoxyethanol) led to improvement in the yield of all the target compounds with reduction in their reaction byproducts & substantially reduced the overall process time as expected as compare to traditional method. Excellent isolated yields (up to 96%) were attained within short reaction times (typically, 60s) when the reaction was performed under microwaves irradiation.Conclusion: The advantages of this environmentally benign and safe protocol include a simple reaction set-up, high product yields, short reaction times as well as the elimination of side products.Â