An Anatomic Study on the Overlap Patterns of Structural Components in the Keystone Area in Noses of Koreans

ObjectivesThe keystone area has critical importance in maintaining the stability of the nasal dorsum. However, overlap patterns between structural components in the keystone area have rarely been studied, especially in the noses of Koreans.MethodsDissections were performed on 18 cadaveric noses. The length and width of the structural components in the keystone area were measured. The shape of the caudal margin of the nasal bone and the overlap patterns between the upper lateral cartilage and the nasal bone were classified.ResultsThe shape of the caudal margin of the nasal bone were classified as follows: type A, curvilinear margin; type B, paramedian retractions or "M" shape; type C, elongated midline; and type D, retracted midline. The overlap area between the upper lateral cartilage and the nasal bone was classified as follows: type Ao, crescent shape; type Bo, short midline extension; and type Co, long midline extension. The cephalocaudal length of the overlap area between the upper lateral cartilage and the nasal bone was 4-10 mm (mean, 7 mm) in the midline, and 0-7 mm (mean, 3.1 mm) in the paramedian area. The overlap width of the upper lateral cartilage with the nasal bone was 8-14 mm (mean, 9.7 mm).ConclusionThe overlap pattern of the structural components in the keystone area is variable. Therefore, a thorough understanding and a cautious evaluation of the relationships of these components before and during surgery is important in performing safe and effective nasal procedures

Analysis of the Development of the Nasal Septum according to Age and Gender Using MRI

ObjectivesThis study was designed to evaluate the normal development of the nasal septum in Koreans using sagittal MRI for the valuable clinical information on septal procedures.MethodsTwo hundred eighty patients who had their whole nasal septum visualized in the midline sagittal view were selected among the 3,904 patients with brain MRI from January, 2004 to December, 2006 at Dankook University Hospital. The patients who had a history of nasal septal surgery or nasal trauma were excluded. Following parameters are calculated and analyzed: lengths of bony and cartilage dorsum and septal cartilage-nasal bone overlap, total septal area, septal cartilage area and, the proportion of the cartilage area to septal area and the maximal harvestable cartilage for grafting were calculated using the PAC™ program.ResultsAll the parameters were increased until adolescence. Thereafter, bony dorsal length, cartilage dorsal length, total dorsal length, total septal area and maximal harvestable cartilage for grafting have not changed significantly with age, while SC-NB overlap length, septal cartilage area, and proportion of the cartilage area to the total septal area were significantly decreased with age. The SC-NB overlap length was positively correlated with the septal cartilage area and the proportion of the cartilage area to the total septal area.ConclusionThe small septal cartilage area and its proportion to the total septal area were significantly correlated with a short overlap length of the septal cartilage under the nasal bone. Septal procedures should be carefully performed in the elderly due to the risk of incurring saddle nose

Skeletal and dental changes after maxillary expansion in the mixed dentition

WOS: A1997WN48800016PubMed ID: 9082855The purpose of this study was to compare skeletal and dental aspects of three different expansion methods in the mixed dentition period in sagittal, vertical, and transversal planes, treatment periods, complications, and relapse tendencies in early periods. Patients with unilateral or bilateral posterior crossbites in the mixed dentition were studied. They were divided into three groups of 10 patients in each group. The first group received treatment with removable plates for semirapid maxillary expansion; the second group with quad-helix appliances for slow maxillary expansion; and the third group with conventional fixed hyrax appliances for rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric films, occlusal films, and dental casts were taken before and after expansion, and after retention with the same appliances. Cephalometric and dental cast analyses were made. Both skeletal and dental changes were observed after all three expansion methods

The Prenatal Development of the Human Nasal and Vomeral Bones

WOS: A1994NN74600006PubMed ID: 8071424The purpose of the present study was to establish normal prenatal development standards for the nasal and vomeral bones, both formed by intramembranous ossification in the membrane covering the cartilaginous nasal capsule. The study is based upon a combination of macroscopic (devisceration and radiography) and microscopic (histology) analyses on 62 normal human fetuses from spontaneous and induced abortions, ranging in gestational age from 9 to 24 weeks, representing crown-rump lengths (CRL) from 33 to 225 mm. Special attention was paid to the onset of bone formation in relation to other maturity aspects and to the growth of the bones. The very first onset of ossification of the vomeral bone is observed as two bilateral ossification centers, prior to nasal bone ossification. Later, the two bilateral ossification centers fuse caudally below the cartilaginous nasal septum, thus changing into a U-shaped bone when observed in the coronal plane. By bony apposition caudally the U-shaped vomer gradually changes into a Y-shape. The nasal bone appears as a thin bony contour ventral to the cartilaginous nasal septum in the sagittal plane, and changes gradually during growth to a wedge-shaped bone. Knowledge of the early development of the internal nose (vomeral bone) and external nose (nasal bone) is significant in understanding mid-face congenital malformations

Atlas Morphology In Relation To Craniofacial Morphology and Head Posture

WOS: A1994NK52700002PubMed ID: 8005204The associations between dimensions of the first cervical vertebra, atlas, and a representative set of craniofacial and postural variables were studied on cephalometric radiographs of a sample of 103 adult males aged 22-30 years, recorded in the natural head position (mirror.position). Atlas morphology was expressed by nine variables, linear and angular craniofacial dimensions by 27 variables, and head and cervical posture by seven variables. A pattern of low but significant correlations was found. Although the correlations were low, the study confirmed that the dimensions of the atlas vertebra reflect associations between cranio-cervical posture and craniofacial morphology. Negative correlations were found between the height of the posterior arch of atlas and the inclination of the mandible and the maxilla to the anterior cranial base. Low positive correlations between the height of the anterior arch and vertical facial dimensions reflect the general co-ordination of the vertical growth of the face and the cervical column. Moreover, the pattern of correlations between the atlanto-cranial angle and facial morphology suggests that in changes of the cranio-cervical angle, atlas follows the cervical column

Mammographic findings in metastatic breast cancer to contralateral axilla: A retrospective study in mastectomized patients

The purpose of this study is to determine the mammographic findings of patients with contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. We analyzed the results of mammography in eight previously mastectomized patients. All women had contralateral axillary lymph node enlargement with no evidence of second primary lesion in the opposite breast on both physical examination and mammogram. All patients showed skin thickening in the opposite breast on mammography. Increased parenchymal edema appeared in three patients, while axillary lymph node enlargement was observed in two