Society-in-the-Loop: Programming the Algorithmic Social Contract

Recent rapid advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning have raised many questions about the regulatory and governance mechanisms for autonomous machines. Many commentators, scholars, and policy-makers now call for ensuring that algorithms governing our lives are transparent, fair, and accountable. Here, I propose a conceptual framework for the regulation of AI and algorithmic systems. I argue that we need tools to program, debug and maintain an algorithmic social contract, a pact between various human stakeholders, mediated by machines. To achieve this, we can adapt the concept of human-in-the-loop (HITL) from the fields of modeling and simulation, and interactive machine learning. In particular, I propose an agenda I call society-in-the-loop (SITL), which combines the HITL control paradigm with mechanisms for negotiating the values of various stakeholders affected by AI systems, and monitoring compliance with the agreement. In short, `SITL = HITL + Social Contract.'Comment: (in press), Ethics of Information Technology, 201

MONEY POLITIC DALAM PERSPEKTIF SADDU AL-ZARIAH

Money politics is a political disease that is increasingly prevalent today. Money politics is a part of the bribery offense. In general, the criminal act of bribery is considered a violation in the world of politics, thus requiring money politics to also be considered a violation. In absolute terms, state laws and regulations explicitly prohibit this action, but this practice is rampant nonetheless. In Sharia law there is often discussion about risywah which is in the form of the millennial period which is reflected in the money political mechanism. However, Jurisprudence scholars in general still disagree over the law of certainty risywah. The editor of the Prophet's Hadith said that Rasulullah Saw. cursing the perpetrator and the recipient of the bribe. However, various interpretations of the scholars have resulted in an imbalance between positive legal regulations and Islamic law. By combining two legal decisions through the study of Ushūl Fikih with Saddu ad-Dzāriah's approach. This study will discuss legal decisions regarding risywah from a different perspective and prove that there is no imbalance between the two

DISTRIBUTION OF ZAKAT FUNDS TO VICTIMS OF NATURAL DISASTERS SYAFI'IYAH MAZHAB PERSPECTIVE

This paper focuses on discussing zakat assets. The discussion taken is the review of the Syafi'iyah scholars regarding the legal status of distributing zakat assets to disaster victims and the legal status of using zakat assets for home renovation and business capital. Discussing the problem of distributing zakat to disaster victims will not be separated from the theory of zakat itself. Because to know the legal status, we also have to know which category the mustahik fall into, which are the victims of the disaster, they are entitled to receive zakat assets or not. Not many classic books from the Shafi'i Imams discuss the distribution of zakat assets for disaster victims, but several books discuss this matter. Based on the theory and data obtained, disaster victims are categorized into three mustahik: the indigent, the poor, and the ghorim. However, after being analyzed, what is more, realistic is to include them in the poor category because their situation at that time was very in line with the definition of poor. It indicates that the legal status of the zakat is valid. The second concerns the legal status of using zakat assets for home renovation and business capital. Based on the theory and data collected, the legal use is considered valid because it is under the purpose of zakat, namely eliminating poverty; even zakat funds are very beneficial for the survival of mustahik, not only in the short term and long term. Tulisan ini fokus membahas harta zakat. Pembahasan yang dilakukan adalah kajian ulama Syafi'iyah mengenai status hukum penyaluran harta zakat korban bencana dan status hukum pemanfaatan harta zakat untuk renovasi rumah dan modal usaha. Membahas masalah pendistribusian zakat kepada korban bencana tidak akan lepas dari teori zakat itu sendiri. Karena untuk mengetahui status hukumnya, kita juga harus mengetahui golongan mustahik yang mana yang menjadi korban bencana, apakah mereka berhak menerima harta zakat atau tidak. Tidak banyak kitab klasik Imam Syafi'i yang membahas tentang pembagian harta zakat untuk korban bencana, namun beberapa kitab membahas hal ini. Berdasarkan teori dan data yang diperoleh, korban bencana dikategorikan menjadi tiga mustahik: fakir, miskin, dan ghorim. Namun setelah dianalisis, yang lebih realistis adalah memasukkan mereka ke dalam kategori miskin karena keadaan mereka saat itu sangat sesuai dengan definisi miskin. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa status hukum zakat itu sah. Kedua menyangkut status hukum penggunaan harta zakat untuk renovasi rumah dan modal usaha. Berdasarkan teori dan data yang terkumpul, penggunaan hukum dianggap sah karena sesuai dengan tujuan zakat, yaitu menghilangkan kemiskinan; bahkan dana zakat sangat bermanfaat bagi kelangsungan hidup mustahik, tidak hanya dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang

Correlation Clustering Based Coalition Formation For Multi-Robot Task Allocation

In this paper, we study the multi-robot task allocation problem where a group of robots needs to be allocated to a set of tasks so that the tasks can be finished optimally. One task may need more than one robot to finish it. Therefore the robots need to form coalitions to complete these tasks. Multi-robot coalition formation for task allocation is a well-known NP-hard problem. To solve this problem, we use a linear-programming based graph partitioning approach along with a region growing strategy which allocates (near) optimal robot coalitions to tasks in a negligible amount of time. Our proposed algorithm is fast (only taking 230 secs. for 100 robots and 10 tasks) and it also finds a near-optimal solution (up to 97.66% of the optimal). We have empirically demonstrated that the proposed approach in this paper always finds a solution which is closer (up to 9.1 times) to the optimal solution than a theoretical worst-case bound proved in an earlier work

A hybrid algorithm for coalition structure generation

The current state-of-the-art algorithm for optimal coalition structure generation is IDP-IP—an algorithm that combines IDP (a dynamic programming algorithm due to Rahwan and Jennings, 2008b) with IP (a tree-search algorithm due to Rahwan et al., 2009). In this paper we analyse IDP-IP, highlight its limitations, and then develop a new approach for combining IDP with IP that overcomes these limitations