Deviations from the Schmidt-Kennicutt relations during early galaxy evolution

We utilize detailed time-varying models of the coupled evolution of stars and the HI, H_2, and CO-bright H_2 gas phases in galaxy-sized numerical simulations to explore the evolution of gas-rich and/or metal-poor systems, expected to be numerous in the Early Universe. The inclusion of the CO-bright H_2 gas phase, and the realistic rendering of star formation as an H_2-regulated process (and the new feedback processes that this entails) allows the most realistic tracking of strongly evolving galaxies, and much better comparison with observations. We find that while galaxies eventually settle into states conforming to Schmidt-Kennicutt (S-K) relations, significant and systematic deviations of their star formation rates (SFRs) from the latter occur, especially pronounced and prolonged for ... ...This indicates potentially serious limitations of (S-K)-type relations as reliable sub-grid elements of star formation physics in simulations of structure formation in the Early Universe. We anticipate that galaxies with marked deviations from the S-K relations will be found at high redshifts as unbiased inventories of total gas mass become possible with ALMA and the EVLA.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF PT. LION AIR ON PASSENGER SAFETY ACCORDING TO THE LAW NUMBER 1 OF 2009 CONCERNING AVIATION

Legal Responsibility of PT. Lion Air on Passenger Safety According to the Law Number 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation" is carried out with the aim of knowing exactly and clearly the responsibility of the airline company for passengers and the existence of laws and regulations that govern them. The type of the research was normative and sociological juridical research methods. The normative juridical research was a legal research to examine legislation and the opinions of experts in the field of air transportation law. In the context of sociological juridical research, it led an empirical method to exercise the responsibility of PT. Lion Air for passenger safety. The results of the study revealed that the responsibility of PT. Lion Air for passengers safety according to the Law Number 1 of 2009 is based on the principle of absolute responsibility, which means that PT. Lion Air is always responsible for losses incurred during the flight and does not depend on whether or not there is an element of error on the part of the carrier. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the potential and use of high technology by flight operators, as well as reliable management as an effort to protect passenger safety. Keywords: Legal Responsibility, PT. Lion Air, Passenger Safety, Aviation Law. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/82-1

Legal Protection of System Knowledge and Technology Developed by Papuan Indigenous People in the Perspective of the Law No. 13/2016 Concerning Patent

Legal protection of system knowledge and technology developed by the indigenous and other societies in Papua in the perspective of the Law No. 13/2016 on Patent is to follow an application, while the form of the legal protection can be identified from the implementation of Articles 19, 20, 71, and 76 of the Law No. 13/2016. Copying of the Papuan indigenous or other societies’ invention is an act against Article 1365 of the Civil Code. In order to give a permanent legal protection for the invention, therefore, the judge shall treat it as a violation against the law and he or she must identify the law that will not automatically make an analogue for the statement of Article 1365 as it is. Keywords: Legal protection for knowledge system and technology; Patent