Pour une politique des émotions - Le bilan

International audienceLa section 8 du 13ème Congrès de l'Association française de science politique (juin 2015 – Aix en Provence) a été consa-crée à la place des émotions dans la politique. Légèrement dépassés par le succès initial de l'appel à communication (plus de cinquante réponses), ses initiateurs Alain Faure et Emmanuel Négrier ont sélectionné 25 textes en optant pour une organisation des débats en quatre séquences : d'abord trois temps de discussion thématisés, animés à chaque fois par deux lecteurs critiques (Christian Le Bart & Sophie Wa-hnich pour les mobilisations; Crystal Cordel & Christophe Traïni pour l'action publique; Philippe Braud & Florence Delmotte pour le leadership), ensuite une table ronde réu-nissant huit « grands témoins » dans une perspective inter-disciplinaire (Philippe Braud, Crystal Cordell, Florence Del-motte, George Marcus, Jean-Louis Marie, Christophe Traïni, Yves Schemeil & Sophie Wahnich). La principale difficulté de l'exercice concernait le timing particulièrement serré des échanges et les temps de parole réduits accordés aux com-municants. Ces derniers n'ont en effet pas présenté leur texte en tribune. Un carnet de recherche a été dédié à la rencontre EMOPOL dans lequel toutes les communications ont été mises en ligne fin avril (rubrique Programme). Il a été décidé de proposer un résumé des communications sur un mode commando en ouverture des trois séquences (90 secondes par texte…) puis de donner la parole aux lecteurs critiques et d'ouvrir l'échange avec la salle (sachant que presque tous les communicants étaient présents). A l'heure du bilan, on retiendra que la mission de faire discuter ensemble 40 spécia-listes sur 6 heures de rencontre relève de la gageure. Pour autant, l'objectif initial consistant à susciter des boites de dialogue a plutôt bien fonctionné. La question des émotions en politique constitue un objet et un champ de recherche assez mal balisés et pour le moins controversés. La section a permis de poser les jalons d'une scène intellectuelle ouverte sur des terrains parfois inédits en science politique tout en montrant les interactions possi-bles entre différentes sensibilités analyti-ques. Afin d'en présenter très brièvement les grandes lignes, cette synthèse pro-cède par un bref récit chronologique en cinq saynètes. Pour revenir à l'ambiance studieuse mais souvent rieuse des débats, n'hésitez pas à consulter le web : la ren-contre a été retransmise en streaming et il reste une double trace de ces images sur Youtube 23/06/2015 ; 24/06/2015). Comme vous le constaterez, l'option vidéo était expérimen-tale : d'une part, il manque dans les deux vidéos l'inter-vention d'ouverture (l'émotion sans doute au moment de cliquer sur le bouton « enregistrer »), d'autre part l'image et le son sont de mauvaise qualité, avec notamment quel-ques contrejours éblouissants pour les interventions de la salle. Malgré tout, c'est un matériau précieux sur un temps de recherche vécu, de l'avis de tous, avec beaucoup de cha-leur et de passion… Nous évoquerons en guise de conclusion quelques pistes prolonger cette dynamique collective dans les mois qui viennent

The Multidimensional Pseudo Spin Model and its Application to Phase Transitions in Layered Perovskites

Pseudo spins with dimensionality larger than two may be used to describe disordered molecular, or ionomolecular, crystals in which the molecules have several equivalent orientations. We show that such models predict complex ordering schemes for these crystals, we describe the various problems related to the construction of these schemes and apply this technique in detail to the case of NH3(CH2)sNH3CdC1an4d briefly to other similar layered perovskites

mRCC management: past, present and future

Aims and scope Over the last six years, the use of targeted agents has revolutionised the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and dramatically improved outcomes for patients. Multiple effective first-and second-line agents are now available or are in development, raising key questions and new challenges around the long-term management of mRCC. These topics were the focus of a Pfizer meeting held at the 7 th European International Kidney Cancer Symposium (EIKCS) in Vienna (4–5 May 2012), where leading European oncology experts discussed recent advances and ongoing issues in mRCC clinical practice. 'It is important for clinicians who see large numbers of patients with this rare disease to get together and share their experience and observations, for the benefit of those who only see few patients in their practice', said Professor Manuela Schmidinger, Chair of the meeting. This report offers an overview of the critical evidence and the issues of long-term mRCC management debated at the meeting. It also presents key conclusions from the recently launched report 'Europe 2012: is kidney cancer management at a crossroad?', written by a selected panel of European kidney cancer experts to highlight current barriers to the optimal treatment of mRCC patients and the development of solutions to address these

Exploring the Potentialities of Cellulose Aerogels and Cryogels as Food Ingredients

Aerogels are unique nanostructured solid materials, showing extremely low density (0.01-0.2 g/cm3), high specific surface area (200-400 m2/g) and high porosity (>90%). Aerogels can be prepared from different biopolymers, such as proteins and carbohydrates. In this context, cellulose, produced from agro-industrial vegetable waste by closed-loop technologies, is a good candidate for developing food-grade aerogels. The latter could represent novel fiber-rich ingredients able to exert peculiar functionalities in foods. Nevertheless, up to now, no studies have investigated the possible development of cellulose aerogels intended as novel food ingredients. In this work, food-grade cellulose aerogels were developed and characterized to explore their potential as food ingredients. To this aim, monolithic cellulose hydrogels (3, 4, 5% w/w) were prepared and further converted into aerogels by freeze-drying (FD) or supercritical-CO2-drying (SCD). Samples were analyzed for density, BET internal surface area, porosity, pore size, glass transition temperature (Tg), microstructure by SEM and firmness. Additionally, water and oil compatibility was assessed by monitoring absorption kinetics, maximum solvent uptake, and solvent retention ability. SCD aerogels presented higher firmness and lower pore size as compared to FD ones. Water and oil uptake kinetics were dependent on aerogel density, with FD aerogels showing a faster and 2-times higher solvent uptake than SCD aerogels. While water absorption caused SCD and FD aerogel swelling, the oil-loaded aerogels well retained their structure. This work demonstrates the feasibility of converting cellulose into aerogels with tailored functionalities depending on cellulose concentration and drying technique. This structural approach can be regarded as an innovative strategy to turn valuable components from plant-food side streams into novel ingredients for food applications. This work is based upon work from COST Action "Advanced Engineering of aeroGels for Environment and Life Sciences" (AERoGELS, ref. CA18125), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)

La tensión estandarización-diferenciación en las políticas culturales. El caso de España y Francia

From an “intergovernmental” interpretation of public policies, this paper examines the trends towards differentiation and standardization. It uses a comparative case study, the cultural policies of France and Spain, with quite relevant models of similarities and differences. To do it, develops an analytical framework that combines five axis of governmental analysis: the institutional settings, the instruments of intervention, the distribution by levels of government, the lobby capacity of actors and logics, and the priorities, objectives and values of cultural policies. One hypothesis is that the twin trends towards differentiation or toward standardization is not limited to dialogue / tension between states and supranational bodies, but up to all interactions with sub-national levels, and therefore beyond the federal or unitary state. The second hypothesis is that at every level of government there are tendencies toward differentiation and standardization. The analysis of the arguments of legitimacy and efficiency to a set of observations enables contextualized hypotheses.A partir de una interpretación “intergubernamental” de las políticas públicas, el presente artículo estudia las tendencias hacia la diferenciación y la estandarización, tomando como caso comparado de estudio la política cultural franco-española, dos modelos con similitudes y diferencias especialmente relevantes. Para ello, se parte de un esquema analítico que combina cinco ejes: la configuración institucional, los instrumentos de intervención, la distribución por niveles de gobierno, las lógicas con capacidad de influencia y las prioridades, objetivos y valores de las políticas. Una primera hipótesis es que la doble tendencia hacia la diferenciación o hacia la estandarización no se limita al diálogo/tensión entre los Estados y los organismos supranacionales, sino que integran al conjunto de interacciones con los niveles subestatales; y ello más allá de la estructura federal o unitaria del Estado. La segunda hipótesis es que en cada nivel de gobierno se dan tendencias hacia la diferenciación y hacia la estandarización. El análisis de los argumentos de legitimación y eficiencia en un conjunto de observaciones contextualizadas permite contrastar las hipótesis

Simplifying surgery in haemophilia B: Low factor IX consumption and infrequent infusions in surgical procedures with rIX-FP.

Abstract Introduction Long-acting recombinant factor IX (FIX) products may simplify the surgical treatment of haemophilia B patients. The impact of rIX-FP, a recombinant FIX fused to recombinant albumin, on FIX consumption and surgical management was assessed in patients with haemophilia B. Materials and methods Male patients, ≤65 years old with severe haemophilia B (FIX activity ≤2%) requiring non-emergency surgery were enrolled in the surgical substudy of PROLONG-9FP. Dosing was based on World Federation of Hemophilia guidelines and patients' pharmacokinetics. Haemostatic efficacy was assessed on a 4-point scale. rIX-FP consumption and safety were monitored throughout the perioperative period. Results This updated dataset reports on thirty (8 minor and 22 major) surgeries conducted in 21 patients. A single preoperative bolus was used in 96.7% (n = 29) of surgeries. After minor surgery, patients received a median (range) of 0 (0–3) infusions with a median (range) consumption of 0 (0–178.89) IU/kg in the 14-day postoperative period. In patients who underwent major surgery (including 15 patients undergoing joint replacement surgery), the median (range) number of infusions in the 14-day postoperative period was 5 (0−11) and median consumption was 221.7 (0–444.07) IU/kg. Haemostatic efficacy was rated as excellent or good in 87.5% (7/8) of minor surgeries and 95.5% (21/22) of major surgeries. Conclusion Surgical procedures can be performed using a single preoperative bolus of rIX-FP in nearly all patients. During postoperative care, use of rIX-FP necessitated infrequent infusions and low FIX consumption. Overall, data suggest rIX-FP simplifies perioperative care in patients with haemophilia B

Spontaneous regression of bone metastasis from renal cell carcinoma; A case report

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma is rarely observed. CASE PRESENTATION: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma was identified in a 70-year-old male using computed tomography-guided percutaneous needle biopsy. Two months after the diagnosis, a partial resection of the sternal bone was performed. Pathological examination revealed granulated tissue with bleeding and necrosis but no carcinogenic cells. CONCLUSION: We report a pathologically identified case in which a sternal bone metastasis that was noticed two years after radical nephrectomy regressed completely and spontaneously

Investigating disordered phases of C2Cl6 using an information theory approach

Many materials of interest and processes relevant to life are based in disordered phases. This disorder can be either positional, orientational or both as in the case of liquids. Unfortunately, the study of disordered phases is inherently difficult given the lack of periodicity as in ordered crystals. In this work we use neutron and X-ray diffraction experiments together with molecular dynamics simulations to study the local order and molecular movements in the disordered phases of hexachloroethane both in the liquid phase and in its plastic phase. The latter is a phase in which the molecular centres of mass form a long-range ordered crystalline lattice but molecules can rotate more or less freely. The concurrent use of diffraction experiments (Neutron and X-ray) and molecular dynamics simulations show that liquid structure mimics that of the disordered crystal at short distances. In order to extend the analysis to long distances, we have borrowed magnitudes from information theory that allow us to measure disorder and correlation. We also use the Kullback-Leibler divergence, an indicator of how similar two structures are to study the differences between plastic and liquid phases, as well as the structural difference at varying temperatures. We thus also offer in this work a common framework to characterize the structure of any disordered phase firmly based on probability and information theory. The advantage of our proposed methodology is that it can be used both to characterize the disorder and to perform comparisons of disordered materials with different degrees of freedom such as liquids and disordered crystals.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Potential limits of AAV-based gene therapy with the use of new transgenes expressing factor IX fusion proteins

Introduction: The variety of treatment for haemophilia B (HB) has recently improved with the emergence of both AAV‐based gene therapy and bioengineered human factor IX (hFIX) molecules with prolonged half‐life due to fusion to either albumin (Alb) or immunoglobulin Fc fragment (Fc). / Aim: Adeno‐associated viral vectors (AAV) mediating expression of hFIX‐Alb and hFIX‐Fc fusion proteins was investigated for gene therapy of HB to explore if their extended half‐life translates to higher plasma levels of FIX. / Methods: Single‐stranded cross‐packaged AAV2/8 vectors expressing hFIX‐Alb, hFIX‐Fc and hFIX were evaluated in vitro, and in mice. / Results: Both hFIX‐Alb and hFIX‐Fc fusion proteins were synthesized and expressed as single chains of expected size following AAV‐mediated gene transfer in vitro and in vivo. The procoagulant properties of these hFIX‐fusion proteins were comparable to wild‐type hFIX. However, their expression levels were threefold lower than wild‐type hFIX in vivo most likely due to inefficient secretion. / Conclusion: This, the first, evaluation of hFIX‐fusion proteins in the context of AAV gene transfer suggests that the hFIX‐fusion proteins are secreted inefficiently from the liver, thus preventing their optimal use in gene therapy approaches