An Analysis of Taste Variety within Households on Soft Drinks

Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Curriculum in first-year algebra.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Boston Universit

Development and Characterization of a Novel Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion is the most common form of TBI, and although a single concussion rarely results in long-term neurological dysfunction, repeated mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) is a recognized risk factor for later development of neurodegenerative disease. However, the mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration following TBI remain obscure. Animal models provide a means to examine the factors and mechanisms involved in TBI in experiments that cannot be conducted using human participants. The purpose of this thesis was to develop and fully characterize a reproducible, non-invasive mTBI model that will facilitate the study of repetitive brain injury. In the present study, male wild type mice received a midline concussive blow via an electromagnetic impactor, tuned to produce an injury without fracturing the skull. The injured mice were used to examine the chronic neurobehavioral, neuropathological and biochemical outcomes following single and r-mTBI up to 18 months following injury. Importantly, our findings recapitulate many aspects of human long term TBI sequelae, in particular persistent neuroinflammation, white matter injury, and axonal pathology in the corpus callosum. Our results provide the first evidence that, whilst a single concussion produces transient neurobehavioral changes and pathology which remains static in the period following injury, r-mTBI produces behavioral and pathological changes which continue to evolve many months post injury. There have been a number of clinical studies implicating tau in TBI pathology. As such, we investigated the relationship between tau pathologies after trauma in a transgenic mouse model expressing all 6 isoforms of human tau protein on a null murine background (hTau). Our results revealed that that single and r-mTBI induced a modest cortical increase in the soluble fraction of three different p-tau epitopes at 24 h post last injury. Moreover, this increase was not associated with worse behavioral performance when compared to wild type animals. Therefore, tau hyperphosphorylation appears to have a contributory, but not primary, role in the acute phase post-injury. Additional prospective studies in both humans and animal models are required to characterize the contribution of tau to TBI sequelae. The experimental data presented here suggest that inflammation and axonal injury (as seen in both wild-type and hTau models) appear to play a role in the events following single or repetitive mTBI and strongly correlates with the behavioral changes post-injury. The relationship between a history of mTBI and neuroinflammation are likely to be complex and warrant further work to elucidate their association with neurodegenerative disease. This work represents the development of a novel model, and the demonstration of its relevance to human TBI. This model can now be used for further exploration of TBI-related effects and for evaluation of potential therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, as is discussed throughout the thesis

The authority of Christ

A sermon preached to the fourth graduating class of the Rice Institute, by Edwin Du Bose Mouzon, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Dallas, Texas

ARE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE STAMP POLICIES COST-EFFECTIVE?

In many countries, consumption of fruits and vegetables (F&V) is below recommended levels. We quantify the economic and health effects of F&V stamp policy designed for low income consumers. The analysis combined two models: an economic model which predicts how F&V consumption is affected by a change in policy and a health model which evaluates the impact of a change in F&V consumption in terms of death avoided (DA) and life-years saved (LYS). Finally we computed the costs per DA and LYS as the ratio between the taxpayer cost of the policy and the number of DA and LYS. The main findings of the present study are: (1) F&V stamp policy has a positive and significant impact on the consumption of small F&V consumers of the targeted population, (2) at the aggregate level, this policy has a modest impact on consumption and as a result on health gains, (3) for a given budget allocated to the policy, the cost per DA or LYS decreases when the targeting is smaller, at least as long as consumption remains in plausible values, (4) the policy reduces the health inequalities between low and high income populations, (5) when well designed, F&V stamp policy is as cost-effective as price policy (about 42 k€/LYS).Cost-effectiveness analysis, Fruits and Vegetables, Health Impact Assessment, Health Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Health Economics and Policy, D61, I18, Q18,

Analysis of Multiple Discrete-Continuous Choices: Empirical Evidence of Biased Price Elasticities under Standard Discrete Choice models on the Soft Drink Market

The New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) literature allows to analyze competition, market power and welfare implications of public policies. This literature is based on the estimation of consumer substitution patterns, that is on the estimation of demand models. Standard discrete choice models are commonly used and assume that the consumer chooses only one unit of a single alternative. However, panelists are often shoppers making decisions for the entire household. A household is composed of several persons with various tastes. The current NEIO literature then often omits multiple brand choice and quantity choice of a product representing multiple tastes within the household. To tackle this point, we model multiple discrete/continuous choices of households following Bhat (2005a). Moreover, we deal with observed and unobserved household heterogeneity as well as omitted variable problem that occurs in this type of consumer choice model. Using French purchase data on the Soft Drink Market, we show that consumer substitution patterns could be biased if multiple brand and quantity choices are not taken into account. Indeed, our results suggest that own price elasticities could be significantly underestimated

Analysis of Multiple Discrete-Continuous Choices: Empirical Evidence of Biased Price Elasticities under Standard Discrete Choice models on the Soft Drink Market

The New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) literature allows to analyze competition, market power and welfare implications of public policies. This literature is based on the estimation of consumer substitution patterns, that is on the estimation of demand models. Standard discrete choice models are commonly used and assume that the consumer chooses only one unit of a single alternative. However, panelists are often shoppers making decisions for the entire household. A household is composed of several persons with various tastes. The current NEIO literature then often omits multiple brand choice and quantity choice of a product representing multiple tastes within the household. To tackle this point, we model multiple discrete/continuous choices of households following Bhat (2005a). Moreover, we deal with observed and unobserved household heterogeneity as well as omitted variable problem that occurs in this type of consumer choice model. Using French purchase data on the Soft Drink Market, we show that consumer substitution patterns could be biased if multiple brand and quantity choices are not taken into account. Indeed, our results suggest that own price elasticities could be significantly underestimated