Can quantum correlations lead to violation of the second law of thermodynamics?

Quantum entanglement can cause the efficiency of a heat engine to be greater than the efficiency of the Carnot cycle. However, this does not mean a violation of the second law of ther-modynamics, since there is no local equilibrium for pure quantum states, and, in the absence of local equilibrium, thermodynamics cannot be formulated correctly. Von Neumann entropy is not a thermodynamic quantity, although it can characterize the ordering of a system. In the case of the entanglement of the particles of the system with the environment, the concept of an isolated system should be refined. In any case, quantum correlations cannot lead to a violation of the second law of thermodynamics in any of its formulations. This article is devoted to a technical discussion of the expected results on the role of quantum entanglement in thermodynamics. © 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Quantum metalanguage and the new cognitive synthesis

Problems with mechanisms of thinking and cognition in many ways remain unresolved. Why are a priori inferences possible? Why can a human understand but a computer cannot? It has been shown that when creating new concepts, generalization is contradictory in the sense that to be created concepts must exist a priori, and therefore, they are not new. The process of knowledge acquisition is also contradictory, as it inevitably involves recognition, which can be realized only when there is an a priori standard. Known approaches of the framework of artificial intelligence (in particular, Bayesian) do not determine the origins of knowledge, as these approaches are effective only when “good” hypotheses are made. The formation of “good” hypotheses must occur a priori. To address these issues and paradoxes, a fundamentally new approach to problems of cognition that is based on completely innate behavioral programs is proposed. The process of cognition within the framework of the concept of a quantum metalanguage involves the selection of adequate a priori existing (innate) programs (logical variables and rules for working with them) that are most adequate to a given situation. The quantum properties of this metalanguage are necessary to implement such programs

Quantum metalanguage and the new cognitive synthesis

Problems with mechanisms of thinking and cognition in many ways remain unresolved. Why are a priori inferences possible? Why can a human understand but a computer cannot? It has been shown that when creating new concepts, generalization is contradictory in the sense that to be created concepts must exist a priori, and therefore, they are not new. The process of knowledge acquisition is also contradictory, as it inevitably involves recognition, which can be realized only when there is an a priori standard. Known approaches of the framework of artificial intelligence (in particular, Bayesian) do not determine the origins of knowledge, as these approaches are effective only when “good” hypotheses are made. The formation of “good” hypotheses must occur a priori. To address these issues and paradoxes, a fundamentally new approach to problems of cognition that is based on completely innate behavioral programs is proposed. The process of cognition within the framework of the concept of a quantum metalanguage involves the selection of adequate a priori existing (innate) programs (logical variables and rules for working with them) that are most adequate to a given situation. The quantum properties of this metalanguage are necessary to implement such programs. © 2019, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved

Numerical Modeling of Material Points Evolution in a System with Gravity

The evolution of material points interacting via gravitational force in 3D space was investigated. At initial moment points with masses of 2.48 Sun masses are randomly distributed inside a cube with an edge of 5 light-years. The modeling was conducted at different initial distributions of velocities and different ratios between potential and kinetic energy of the points. As a result of modeling the time dependence of velocity distribution function of points was obtained. Dependence of particles fraction which had evaporated frominitial cluster on time for different initial conditions is obtained. In particular, it was obtained that the fraction of evaporated particles varies between 0,45 and 0,63. Mutual diffusion of two classes of particles at different initial conditions in the case when at initial moment of time both classes of particles occupy equal parts of cube was investigated. The maximum Lyapunov exponent of the system with different initial conditions was calculated. The obtained value weakly depends on the ratio between initial kinetic and potential energies and amounts approximately 10-5. Corresponding time of the particle trajectories divergence turned out to be 40-50 thousand years. © 2017 Global-Science Press

Quantum universe, horizon, and antimatter

If the isolated system of bosons and fermions was initially in a pure maximally entangled quantum state, then, as a result of decoherence caused by the creation and annihilation of particles, this system not only enters a mixed state but also achieves equilibrium. The time of such a transition does not depend on the size of the system but is determined only by the properties of the particles. This phenomenon allows the problem of the horizon (the homogeneity of the universe) to be solved, since the transition time of different parts of the universe (if they were originally entangled with each other) to equilibrium will not depend on their sizes, and the speed of the interaction may be greater than the speed of light. Based on the decay of entangled states, the problem of the predominance of matter over antimatter in the universe can also be solved. © 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Internal Structure of Elementary Particle and Possible Deterministic Mechanism of Biological Evolution

The possibility of a complicated internal structure of an elementary particle was analyzed. In this case a particle may represent a quantum computer with many degrees of freedom. It was shown that the probability of new species formation by means of random mutations is negligibly small. Deterministic model of evolution is considered. According to this model DNA nucleotides can change their state under the control of elementary particle internal degrees of freedom

Contact melting of metals explained via the theory of quasi-liquid layer

It has been shown that the contact melting rate for metals is determined by the fact that at least one of them has a quasi-liquid layer on the surface. As a result, the diffusion of metal atoms occurs in the liquid phase, and not in the solid phase, which determines the characteristic contact melting time (seconds and minutes). © 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland