The Preoccupation and Crisis of Analytic Philosophy

I propose to reconsider Gilbert Ryle’s thesis in 1956 in his introduction to The Revolution of Philosophy that “the story of twentieth-century philosophy is very largely the story of this notion of sense or meaning” and, as he writes elsewhere, the “preoccupation with the theory of meaning is the occupational disease of twentieth-century Anglo-Saxon and Austrian philoso- phy.” Ryle maintains that this preoccupation demar- cates analytic philosophy from its predecessors and that it gave philosophy a set of academic credentials as a rigorous discipline with its own domain and method. I will maintain that Ryle, with some minor qualifica- tions, was correct in his assessment of the nature of analytic philosophy at that time, and I will argue that the next 50 years continued to be, very largely, the story of meaning, exemplified by the groundbreaking work of Rawls and Kripke. However, I argue that this work also contains the seeds that contributed to the emergence of philosophies that represent a significant departure from analytic philosophy

Guide to Interpretation of Structural Features Associated with the Kentucky River Fault System Along U.S. Highway 27 Near Camp Nelson, Kentucky

The spectacular, near- vertical roadcuts in the High Bridge Group (Middle Ordovician) in central Kentucky (Fig. 1) along U.S. Highway 27 just south of the Kentucky River (Fig. 2) afford an excellent opportunity to examine a major fault zone and study its complexity (Figs, 3, 4). These roadcuts are located in Garrard County approximately 12 miles south of Lexington and contain the oldest rocks exposed in Kentucky

Leibniz's Metaphysics of Representation, Perception, and Appetition

This paper explores the relationships between perception, representation and appetition in Leibniz's later metaphysics, and defends four theses. First, for Leibniz perceptions are not the carriers of content, but they are identical to representational content. Second, Leibniz's appetitions are the carriers of content and he should be taken at his word when he declares, "Thought consists in conatus". Third, while it is true that for Leibniz representational content is determined by a species of mapping or function from representation to what is represented, this is not the only component that determines representational content for Leibniz. The correspondence in terms of which Leibniz characterizes representation includes an ontological component, namely a lineage or trace from representation to represented object via God's creation, and appetitions constitute this trace. Finally, Leibniz's account of how ideas represent and how perceptions represent are distinct, and derivation plays a key role in how ideas represent

Investigation of the Roles of Toxin-Coregulated Pili and Mannose-Sensitive Hemagglutinin Pili in the Pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae O139 Infection

In this study, adult volunteers were fed tcpA and mshA deletion mutants of V. cholerae O139 strain CVD 112 to determine the role of toxin-coregulated pili (TCP) and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) in intestinal colonization. Eight of 10 volunteers who received CVD 112 or CVD 112 ΔmshA shed the vaccine strains in their stools; the geometric mean peak excretion for both groups was 1.4 × 105 CFU/g of stool. In contrast, only one of nine recipients of CVD 112 ΔtcpA shed vibrios in his stool (P \u3c 0.01); during the first 24 h after inoculation, 3 × 102 CFU/g was recovered from this volunteer. All recipients of CVD 112 and 8 (80%) of the recipients of CVD 112 ΔmshA developed at least a fourfold rise in vibriocidal titer after immunization. In contrast, only one (11%) of the nine recipients of CVD 112 ΔtcpA developed a fourfold rise in vibriocidal titer (P \u3c 0.01). We conclude that TCP are an important colonization factor of V. cholerae O139 and probably of El Tor V. cholerae O1. In contrast, MSHA does not appear to promote intestinal colonization in humans

Onset and Duration of Protective Immunity in Challenged Volunteers afterVaccination with Live Oral Cholera Vaccine CVD l03-HgR

CVD 103-HgR is a liveoral cholera vaccinethat, in phase I and II studies to date, has been well tolerated and immunogenic. In challenge studies of US volunteers conducted 4-5 weeks after vaccination, CVD 103-HgR provided significant protection against experimental cholera due to classical and El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1. To determine the onset and duration of protection, two volunteer challenge studies were conducted: the first, 6 months after vaccination and the second, 8 days after vaccination. In both studies, CVD 103-HgR was 100% protective against diarrhea and significantly reduced the rate of shedding of vibrios after challenge with V.cholerae classical Inaba strain 569B, the virulent parent strain of CVD 103-HgR. Previously vaccinated subjects were less likely than naive controls to develop rises in titer of vibriocidal antibodies after challenge (P = .002), and the mean peak titer of vibriocidalantibodies was less than among controls. CVD 103-HgR can provide homologous protective immunity as soon as 8 days after vaccination and protection can persist for at least 6 month

Safety and Immunogenicity of Live Oral Cholera Vaccine Candidate CVD 110, a ΔctxA ctxAzot zotace Derivative of El Tor Ogawa Vibrio cholerae

The current pandemic of cholera is caused primarily by Vibrio cholerae O1 of the El Tor biotype. Live attenuated classical biotype V. cholerae vaccinestrains prevent severeand moderate cholera due to either biotype in challenged volunteers but may provide less protection against mild cholera due to El Tor organisms. CVD 110, a new ctxA-deleted vaccine strain derived from an El Tor Ogawa parent, lacks zona occludens toxin (Zot), accessorycholera enterotoxin (Ace), and hemolysin/enterotoxin. Ten healthy adult volunteers were given 108 cfu of CVD 110 with buffer;7 developed diarrhea (mean stool volume, 861 mL). Vaccine organisms wereshed in stool by all vaccinees and were recovered from duodenal fluid in three-quarters of vaccinees. After vaccination, the geometric mean peak reciprocal vibriocidal titer among vaccinees was 17,829. CVD 110 is a powerful immunogen but insufficiently attenuated despite the absence of known potential enterotoxins of V. cholerae. Another unrecognized toxin or colonization alone may be responsible for diarrhea after ingestion of this strai

Safety, Immunogenicity, and Transmissibility of Single-Dose Live Oral Cholera Vaccine Strain CVD l03-HgR in 24- to 59-Month-Old Indonesian Children

Recombinant A-B+ Vibrio cholerae O1 strain CVD 103-HgR is a safe, highly immunogenic, single-dose live oral vaccine in adults in industrialized countries, Safety, excretion, immunogenicity, vaccine transmissibility, and environmental introduction ofCVD 103-HgR were investigated among 24- to 59-month-old children in Jakarta. In 81 households, 1 child was randomly allocated a single dose of vaccine (5 x 109 cfu) and another, placebo. Additionally, 139 unpaired children were randomly allocated vaccine or placebo. During 9 days of follow-up, diarrhea or vomiting did not occur more often among vaccinees than controls. Vaccine was minimally excreted and was isolated from no controls and from 1 (0.6%) of 177 unvaccinated family contacts. A 4-fold or higher rise in serum vibriocidal antibody was observed in 75% of vaccinees (10-fold rise in geometric mean titer over baseline). Of 135 paired placebo recipients or household contacts, 5 had vibriocidal seroconversions. Moore swabs placed in sewers and latrines near 97 households failed to detect vaccine. These observations pave the way for a large-scale field trial of efficac