134 research outputs found
Chemical evolution of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies in the self-consistently calculated IGIMF theory
The galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function (gwIMF) of a galaxy in
dependence of its metallicity and star formation rate (SFR) can be calculated
by the integrated galactic IMF (IGIMF) theory. Lacchin et al. (2019) apply the
IGIMF theory for the first time to study the chemical evolution of the
ultra-faint dwarf (UFD) satellite galaxies and failed to reproduce the data.
Here, we find that the IGIMF theory is naturally consistent with the data. We
apply the time-evolving gwIMF calculated at each timestep. The number of type
Ia supernova explosions per unit stellar mass formed is renormalised according
to the gwIMF. The chemical evolution of Bo\"otes I, one of the best observed
UFD, is calculated. Our calculation suggests a mildly bottom-light and
top-light gwIMF for Bo\"otes I, and that this UFD has the same gas-consumption
timescale as other dwarfs but was quenched about 0.1 Gyr after formation, being
consistent with independent estimations and similar to Dragonfly 44. The
recovered best fitting input parameters in this work are not covered in the
work of Lacchin et al. (2019), creating the discrepancy between our
conclusions. In addition, a detailed discussion of uncertainties is presented
addressing how the results of chemical evolution models depend on applied
assumptions. This study demonstrates the power of the IGIMF theory in
understanding the star-formation in extreme environments and shows that UDFs
are a promising pathway to constrain the variation of the low-mass stellar IMF.Comment: 17 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in A&
The optimally-sampled galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function - Observational tests and the publicly available GalIMF code
Here we present a full description of the integrated galaxy-wide initial mass
function (IGIMF) theory in terms of the optimal sampling and compare it with
available observations. Optimal sampling is the method we use to discretize the
IMF into stellar masses deterministically. Evidence has been indicating that
nature may be closer to deterministic sampling as observations suggest a
smaller scatter of various relevant observables than random sampling would
give, which may result from a high level of self-regulation during the star
formation process. The variation of the IGIMFs under various assumptions are
documented. The results of the IGIMF theory are consistent with the empirical
relation between the total mass of a star cluster and the mass of its most
massive star, and the empirical relation between a galaxy's star formation rate
(SFR) and the mass of its most massive cluster. Particularly, we note a natural
agreement with the empirical relation between the IMF's power-law index and a
galaxy's SFR. The IGIMF also results in a relation between the galaxy's SFR and
the mass of its most massive star such that, if there were no binaries,
galaxies with SFR M/yr should host no Type II supernova
events. In addition, a specific list of initial stellar masses can be useful in
numerical simulations of stellar systems. For the first time, we show
optimally-sampled galaxy-wide IMFs (OSGIMF) which mimics the IGIMF with an
additional serrated feature. Finally, A Python module, GalIMF, is provided
allowing the calculation of the IGIMF and OSGIMF in dependence on the
galaxy-wide SFR and metallicity.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures, A&A, in press; paper remains unchanged
(version1 equals version2); the GalIMF module is downloadable at githu
The possible role of stellar mergers for the formation of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
Many possible scenarios for the formation of multiple stellar populations (MSP) in globular clusters (GCs) have been discussed so far, including the involvement of asymptotic giant branch stars, fast rotating main sequence stars, very massive main sequence stars and mass-transferring massive binaries based on stellar evolution modelling. But self-consistent, dynamical simulations of very young GCs are usually not considered. In this work, we perform direct -body modelling such systems with total masses up to M, taking into account the observationally constrained primordial binary properties, and discuss the stellar-mergers driven both by binary stellar evolution and dynamical evolution of GCs. The occurrence of stellar mergers is enhanced significantly in binary-rich clusters such that stars forming from the gas polluted by mergers-driven ejection/winds would appears as MSPs. We thus emphasize that stellar mergers can be an important process that connects MSP formation with star cluster dynamics, and that multiple MSP formation channels can naturally work together. The scenario studied here, also in view of a possible top-heavy IMF, may be particularly relevant for explaining the high mass fraction of MSPs (the mass budget problem) and the absence of MSPs in young and low-mass star clusters
The formation of UCDs and massive GCs: Quasar-like objects for testing for a variable stellar initial mass function (IMF)
The stellar initial mas function (IMF) has been described as being invariant,
bottom heavy or top-heavy in extremely dense star burst conditions. To provide
usable observable diagnostic we calculate redshift dependent spectral energy
distributions of stellar populations in extreme star burst clusters which are
likely to have been the precursors of present day massive globular clusters
(GCs) and of ultra compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs). The retention fraction of
stellar remnants is taken into account to asses the mass to light ratios of the
ageing star-burst. Their redshift dependent photometric properties are
calculated as predictions for James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations.
While the present day GCs and UCDs are largely degenerate concerning
bottom-heavy or top-heavy IMFs, a metallicity- and density-dependent top-heavy
IMF implies the most massive UCDs, at ages <100 Myr, to appear as objects with
quasar-like luminosities with a 0.1-10% variability on a monthly time scale due
to core collapse supernovae.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 12 pages, 10 figures + appendix,
version 2: language corrections adde
The star formation timescale of elliptical galaxies -- Fitting [Mg/Fe] and total metallicity simultaneously
The alpha element to iron peak element ratio, for example [Mg/Fe], is a
commonly applied indicator of the galaxy star formation timescale (SFT) since
the two groups of elements are mainly produced by different types of supernovae
that explode over different timescales. However, it is insufficient to consider
only [Mg/Fe] when estimating the SFT. The [Mg/Fe] yield of a stellar population
depends on its metallicity. Therefore, it is possible for galaxies with
different SFTs and at the same time different total metallicity to have the
same [Mg/Fe]. This effect has not been properly taken into consideration in
previous studies. In this study, we assume the galaxy-wide stellar initial mass
function (gwIMF) to be canonical and invariant. We demonstrate that our
computation code reproduces the SFT estimations of previous studies where only
the [Mg/Fe] observational constraint is applied. We then demonstrate that once
both metallicity and [Mg/Fe] observations are considered, a more severe
"downsizing relation" is required. This means that either low-mass ellipticals
have longer SFTs (> 4 Gyr for galaxies with mass below M) or
massive ellipticals have shorter SFTs ( Myr for galaxies more
massive than M) than previously thought. This modification
increases the difficulty in reconciling such SFTs with other observational
constraints. We show that applying different stellar yield modifications does
not relieve this formation timescale problem. The quite unrealistically short
SFT required by [Mg/Fe] and total metallicity would be prolonged if a variable
stellar gwIMF were assumed. Since a systematically varying gwIMF has been
suggested by various observations this could present a natural solution to this
problem.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, A&A, in press. Version 2 added reference
The most massive stars in very young star clusters with a limited mass: Evidence favours significant self-regulation in the star formation processes
The stellar initial mass function (IMF) is commonly interpreted to be a
scale-invariant probability density distribution function (PDF) such that many
small clusters yield the same IMF as one massive cluster of the same combined
number of stars. Observations of the galaxy-wide IMF challenge this as dwarf
galaxies do not form as many massive stars as expected. This indicates a highly
self-regulated star formation process in which stellar masses are not
stochastically sampled from the IMF and are instead related to the environment
of star formation. Here, the nature of star formation is studied using the
relation between the most massive star born in a star cluster and its parental
stellar cluster mass (the -- relation). This relation
has been argued to be a statistical effect if stars are sampled randomly from
the IMF. By comparing the tightness of the observed -- distribution with synthetic star clusters with stochastically sampled
stellar masses, we find that the expected dispersion of the mock observations
is much larger than the observed dispersion. Assuming that and
uncertainties from the literature are correct, our test rejects
the hypothesis that the IMF is a PDF at a more than confidence
level. Alternatively, we provide a deterministic stellar mass sampling tool
which reproduces the observed -- distribution and
compares well with the luminosities of star-forming molecular clumps. In
addition, we find that there is a significant flattening of the -- relation near . This may suggest
strong feedback of stars more massive than about and/or the
ejections of the most massive stars from young clusters in the mass range 63 to
to be likely important physical processes in forming clusters.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in A&
The cosmological star formation history from the Local Volume of galaxies and constraints on the matter homogeneity
The Lilly-Madau plot is commonly interpreted as the history of the cosmic
star formation of the Universe by showing the co-moving star formation rate
density (SFRD) over cosmic time. Therefore, the Lilly-Madau plot is not only
sensitive to the star formation history (SFH) but also to the number density of
galaxies. Assessing the Catalogue of Neighbouring Galaxies, we reconstruct the
SFHs of galaxies located in the Local Volume (LV) based on delayed- and
power-law SFH models. Galaxies with stellar masses of typically evolve according to the delayed- model
by having first increasing followed by exponentially declining SFRs, while the
majority of less massive star-forming galaxies has an almost constant or
increasing SFH. Deducing the cosmic SFRD evolution of the LV reveals that the
SFHs of local galaxies are inconsistent with the Lilly-Madau plot. The SFRDs of
the LV are significantly lower at redshifts of underestimating
the Lilly-Madau peak at by a factor of
(delayed-) and (power-law model). Assuming the
delayed- model for galaxies with and
a power-law model for less massive galaxies, the SFRD is lower
than measured at . This inconsistency between the evolution of the
local and global SFRD has cosmological implications. Since the Lilly-Madau plot
also constrains the cosmological matter field, the near-constancy of SFHs of LV
galaxies could imply that the peak of the Lilly-Madau plot at is the
imprint of a Gpc-scale inhomogeneity.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society (MNRAS), 12 pages, 5 figure
- …