High efficiency and low absorption Fresnel compound zone plates for hard X-ray focusing

Circular and linear zone plates have been fabricated on the surface of silicon crystals for the energy of 8 keV by electron beam lithography and deep ion plasma etching methods. Various variants of compound zone plates with first, second, third diffraction orders have been made. The zone relief height is about 10 mkm, the outermost zone width of the zone plate is 0.4 mkm. The experimental testing of the zone plates has been conducted on SPring-8 and ESRF synchrotron radiation sources. A focused spot size and diffraction efficiency measured by knife-edge scanning are accordingly 0.5 mkm and 39% for the first order circular zone plate.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figure

RISKS IN CRIMINAL POLICY

The article considers the condition of current policy, statistics of its effectiveness. It proposes possible ways to improve the effectiveness of criminal policy. Drawing a parallel between funding law enforcement and the positive performance of its activities. In accordance with statistical data concludes that the rapid growth and improvement of crime. In this connection suggests ways to combat it in the modern reality

Analysis of a scheme for de-magnified Talbot lithography Analysis of a scheme for de-magnified Talbot lithography

Formation of large-area GaN nanostructures with controlled geometry and morphology using top-down fabrication scheme J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 30, 052202 (2012) Resist-substrate interface tailoring for generating high-density arrays of The authors describe a photolithographic scheme based on the replication of a periodic transparent mask in a photoresist utilizing the coherent self-imaging Talbot effect. A periodic two-dimensional diffractive structure (or Talbot mask) composed of unit tiles distributed in a square matrix was illuminated by a coherent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) beam from a table top EUV laser. The illumination beam was reflected in a spherical mirror and the Talbot mask was placed in the path of the convergent beam. At designed locations determined by the Talbot distance, reduced replicas of the mask were obtained and used to print the slightly de-magnified copies of the mask on the surface of a photoresist. Experimental results showing the de-magnification effect are in good agreement with the diffraction theory. The limits of the technique are discussed

Design and Analysis of a Mutant Form of the Ice-binding Protein From\u3cem\u3e Choristoneura Fumiferana\u3c/em\u3e

Ice-binding proteins are expressed in the cells of some cold adapted organisms, helping them to survive at extremely low temperatures. One of the problems in studying such proteins is the difficulty of their isolation and purification. For example, eight cysteine residues in the cfAF (antifreeze protein from the eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana) form intermolecular bridges during the overexpression of this protein. This impedes the process of the protein purification dramatically. To overcome this issue, in this work, we designed a mutant form of the ice-binding protein cfAFP, which is much easier to isolate that the wild-type protein. The mutant form named mIBP83 did not lose the ability to bind to ice surface. Besides, observation of the processes of freezing and melting of ice in the presence of mIBP83 showed that this protein affects the process of ice melting, increasing its melting temperature, and does not decrease the water freezing temperature

Superoxide-producing lipoprotein fraction from Stevia leaves: definition of specific activity

Abstract Background Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni has various pharmacological actions, which includes antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. The superoxide and consequently NADPH oxidase (Nox) are relevant targets involved in biological effects of Stevia. The presence of NADPH-containing superoxide-producing lipoprotein (suprol) in Stevia leaves has not yet been tested. The mechanism of producing superoxide radicals (O2 −) by suprol was determined in vitro, which is associated with the electron transfer from NADPH in the composition of suprol by traces of transition metal ions (Fe3+ or Cu2+) to molecular oxygen, turning it into O2 −. It is expected that the therapeutic efficacy of Stevia leaves is caused by specific activity of superoxide-producing lipoprotein fraction. Methods For the first time, from the dry leaves of Stevia the NADPH-containing superoxide-producing lipoprotein was isolated and purified. The specific content of suprol (milligrams in 1 g of Stevia leaves- mg/g) was determined after desalination of suprol and lyophilization. Results According to the method provided, the specific content of the isolated suprol from Stevia’s leaves was up to 4.5 ± 0.2 mg / g (yields up to 68.5 ± 4.7%, p < 0.05, n = 6). Nox forms a stable complex with suprol. The optical absorption spectrum of the Nox-suprol complex represents the overlapping suprol and Nox spectra, with a certain background increase and characteristic features of optical absorption for Nox. Due to O2 − producing capacity suprol-Nox complex discolors KMnO4 solutions, Coomassie brilliant blue, restores nitrotetrazolium blue to formazan and oxidizes epinephrine to adrenochrome. The oxidation activity of adrenaline is 50.3 ± 5.1 U / mg / ml (p < 0.05, n = 6). Conclusion Superoxide-producing lipoprotein fraction-Nox complex from Stevia leaves (membranes) can modulate redox regulated signaling pathways and may play a positive role in type-2 diabetes by means of adrenaline oxidation mechanism