THE EU AND THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE COPENHAGEN ACCORD

The goal of the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, has been to reach a legally binding agreement between participant states. As a successor to the Kyoto Protocol, this sort of agreement would have engaged signatory parties with reducing their greenhouse gas emissions in order to prevent the rise with 2 degrees Celsius in global temperature. This paper is an analysis of the above-mentioned event, which focuses on itsmain result, namely the Copenhagen Accord. It also presents the role of the European Union at the Copenhagen Summit and in promoting sustainable development globally.sustainable development, climate change, green economy, European Union, Copenhagen Accord

Natural and cultural elements in Sezai Karakoç’s poems

Türk şiirinin önde gelen şairlerinden Sezai Karakoç, İkinci Yeni akımı içinde yerini alarak şiirlerini yazmış ve şiire getirdiği yeniliklerle adından söz ettirmiştir. Körfez, Şahdamar, Hızırla Kırk Saat, Sesler, Taha’nın Kitabı, Gül Muştusu, Zamana Adanmış Sözler, Ayinler, Leyla ile Mecnun, Ateş Dansı ve Alınyazısı Saati adlı kitapları vardır. Karakoç bu kitaplarda belli bir edebi kıymete sahip olan şiirlerini okuyucuya sunar. Şiirlerini oluştururken doğduğu coğrafyadan ve kültürden yararlanarak doğa-kültür karşıtlığını ön plana çıkaran Karakoç’un her kesimden okuyucuya ulaştığı söylenebilir. Toplumun anlayabileceği imgelerle şiirlerini ören Karakoç hem şiirlerini zenginleştirir hem de ait olduğu İkinci Yeni kuşağından farklı bir şair olarak değerlendirilir. Sezai Karakoç’un anlaşılmak noktasında oluşturduğu bu farklılık, ilk şiirlerini dine, tasavvufa ve divan şiiri geleneğine dayamasıyla iyice belirginleşir. Sonraki şiirlerinde Batı şiirini izleyen ve dil ile biçimde modernleşmeyi isteyen Karakoç, serbest şiire geçer. Herkesin anlayabildiği kelimeleri kullanarak modernleşmeye ulaşmayı isteyen Karakoç, şairlerin sırça köşklerde yaşadığı fikrini de eserleriyle yok eder. Şiirlerinde kullandığı anne, rüzgâr, bülbül gibi herkesin bildiği imgeler, psikanaliz açısından da ele alınabilir. Şiirlerinin çoğunda değişen kent yaşamı nedeniyle sıkışıp kalan insanların doğaya özlemini dile getiren Sezai Karakoç, her halükarda doğaya dönüleceğini vurgular. Gül, bülbül, anne, rüzgâr, kuzgun, bağ, dağ, gök, deniz şairin şiirlerinde sıklıkla kullandığı doğa ve kültür unsurlarıdır. Bu unsurlarla şiirini ören şair, karşıtlıklardan edebi eser meydana getirerek adından söz ettirir.Sezai Karakoç, one of the prominent poets of Turkish poetry, has written his poems within the trend called “Second New Poetry” and has a remarkable role incident thereto through the significant innovations brought thereby to poetry. He is the author of the books named The Gulf, The Main Vessels, Forthy Hours with Hızır, The Voices, The Book of Taha, The Good News from the Rose, Words Dedicated to the Time, Rites, Leyla and Mecnun, The Fire Dance and The Clock of the Faith. Karakoç offers poems with certain literary value to the readers in these books. It can easily be said that Karakoç reaches out to readers from all walks of life when creating his poems by highlighting the contrast of nature and culture through taking advantage of the geography and culture that he belongs. Karakoç creates his poems by images that can be understood by the society thereby both enriching his poems and by being different from the other poets of the “Second New Poetry” trend to which he belongs. This difference created by Sezai Karakoç in terms of being understood is accentuated by basing his poems on religion, Sufism and Divan poetry tradition. Karakoç, in his subsequent poems, follows the Western poem tradition and shows his desire germane to modernization in terms of language and form by writing his poems in Freestyle poetry. Karakoç, who wants to reach modernization by using words that can be understood by everyone, wipes out the idea that poets live in glass houses thanks to his works. Images such as mother, wind and nightingale employed in his poems that are familiar to everyone can be discussed in terms of psychoanalysis. Sezai Karakoç who expresses the longing of people who are trapped due to the changing urban life to nature in most of his poems stresses that people will return to nature under any conditions. Roses, nightingales, mother, wind, raven, vineyards, mountains, sky and sea are the natural and cultural elements often used in the poems of the famous poet. Karakoç, who creates his poems through these elements has his name rather frequently mentioned due to the creation of the literary Works thereof by using contrasts

Using Java Technologies in Statistics Applications Data Analysis Graphic Generator

This paper proposes an idea for building a Java Application Programming Interface (API) that allows generating statistics graphics used in Data Analysis. The core of this API is a Java 2D library, and some classes which implement the 2D geometric transformations. The classes are small, fast, easy to use and can be integrated into your projects, and are completely written in pure Java. It allows users to easily develop and deploy sophisticated reports across any platform.Java API, Data Analysis, Graphics

College Students’ Personal Financial Literacy: Economic Impact and Public Policy Implications

This study analyzes the level of financial literacy among college students in Lynchburg VA area as well as the factors that impact the students’ competency in the field. Furthermore, it examines how the level of financial knowledge influences students’ opinions and decisions on personal finance matters. Past research indicates that non-business majors, women, students under age 30, with lower class ranks, and with little work experience have lower levels of financial knowledge. A major focus of this study is to test these hypotheses by administering a survey to college students in Lynchburg VA area and make inferences based on the collected data about the economic implications of the students’ financial literacy levels on the local and neighboring regions’ economies

Study of film formation in EHD contacts using a novel method based on electrical capacitance

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.The elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime (EHD) is found in many machine elements, such as rolling element bearings, gears, cam/tappet, where a combination of hydrodynamic effect, elastic deformation of the surfaces and an increase of the lubricant’s viscosity with pressure create a continuous lubricant film which is capable of supporting pressures of the order of tens of thousands of atmospheres. One of the most important features of these films is their thickness, as this determines whether the bounding surfaces are completely separated, thus avoiding premature wear and failure of the contact. Consequently for many years scientists were interested in finding methods for measuring the lubricant film thickness in elastohydrodynamic conditions. One of the most versatile and widely used techniques for measuring lubricant film thickness in EHD contacts is the optical interferometry method. Apart from numerous advantages, this method has the limitation in the fact that one of the contacting surfaces must be transparent, usually glass or sapphire, thus it does not replicate real conditions found in machine elements contacts. On the other hand, the other group of methods used for studying the behaviour of elastohydrodynamic films includes a variety of electrical methods. Historically, these appeared before the optical methods, but gradually lost importance with the success of the later. Most capacitive, resistive, inductance methods developed so far use specially designed sensors for monitoring the lubricant film thickness. In the case of electrical techniques, both elements of the contact are metallic, which means that these can be used for measuring film thickness in real machine elements. One of the main disadvantages of electrical methods though, is the difficulty with which the calibration of various electrical quantities, against lubricant film thickness is obtained. This thesis describes the work carried out by the author on the application of a capacitive method for studying lubrication of elastohydrodynamic contacts. The novelty of the method used consists in the calibration of the capacitance of the contact with optical interferometry. This project started from the premises that a thicker Chromium layer will supply the phase change needed to precisely measure the lubricant film thickness by eliminating the fragile silica layer, and it has been shown that an increase in Cr thickness results in a increase in reflection of the glass–Cr interface making the resulting images hard to process. Modifications to the existing experimental rig were carried out in order to apply/collect an electrical signal from both the disc and the ball. Signal collection from the disc was quite straightforward and a graphite brush paired with a copper nut was used, as this is the oldest method of collecting/applying and electrical signal from a rotating element. Collecting an electrical signal from the ball presented quite a challenge as the ball is submerged in oil. A number of brushes was designed, made and tested and the one that provided the most stable results chosen. For calibration purposes a base oil and two additives were chosen, the additives were chosen in such a way that the improvement made to the lubrication process to be very different from one additive to the other. The chosen additives were a Viscosity Index Improver [VII] and an Organic Friction Modifier [OFM]. The VII is used by many researchers in order to obtain multigrade lubricants using the same base oil by varying its percentage in the mix. The OFM is used to provide protection between the two contacting bodies when EHD film fails and EHD lubrication is replaced by mixed lubrication by forming a boundary layer on the contacting surfaces. Optical measurements were carried out on the base oil and the two resulting lubricants from the additive mixes using the Ultra Thin Film Interferometry [UTFI] method. The measurements were used as a benchmark against which the capacitive measurements were calibrated. Tests were conducted in a number of controlled conditions for speed, temperature, load and sliding conditions. Results showed that the highest influence on the lubrication process was given by the speed, an increase in speed results in an increase in optically measured film thickness and a decrease in electrically measured film thickness. Phenomenon explained by a large amount of lubricant pushed into the contact. Another parameter that influenced the results quite significantly was temperature, a rise in temperature supplies a decrease in optically measured film thickness and an increase in capacitive measured film thickness which was explained by lubricant viscosity dropping with a rise in temperature. Three different sliding conditions were employed and a small drop in optically measured film thickness followed by a small rise in electrically measured film thickness was recorded due to a local increase in contact temperature when sliding was employed. The capacitive method developed in this project is precise enough to accurately measure lubricant film thickness down to 100nm; a model for thicknesses lower that 100nm was proposed Results from the optical and capacitive methods were compared and a good correlation was found, indicating that the developed capacitive method can be used as a tool for measuring metal on metal contacts without further calibration.EPSR

Minimum time kinematic trajectories for self-propelled rigid bodies in the unobstructed plane

The problem of moving rigid bodies efficiently is of particular interest in robotics because the simplest model of a mobile robot or of a manipulated object is often a rigid body. Path planning, controller design and robot design may all benefit from precise knowledge of optimal trajectories for a set of permitted controls. In this work, we present a general solution to the problem of finding minimum time trajectories for an arbitrary self-propelled, velocity-bounded rigid body in the obstacle-free plane. Such minimum-time trajectories depend on the vehicle’s capabilities and on and the start and goal configurations. For example, the fastest way to move a car sideways might be to execute a parallel-parking motion. The fastest longdistance trajectories for a wheelchair-like vehicle might be of a turn-drive-turn variety. Our analysis reveals a wide variety of types of optimal trajectories. We determine an exhaustive taxonomy of optimal trajectory types, presented as a branching tree. For each of the necessary leaf nodes, we develop a specific algorithm to find the fastest trajectory in that node. The fastest trajectory overall is drawn from this set

Aggregation Algorithms in Heterogeneous Tables

The heterogeneous tables are most used in the problem of aggregation. A solution for this problem is to standardize these tables of figures. In this paper, we proposed some methods of aggregation based on the hierarchical algorithms

Enterprise Application Integration Using Java Technologies

The current article points out some of the tasks and challenges companies must face in order to integrate their computerized systems and applications and then to place them on the Web. Also, the article shows how the Java 2 Enterprise Edition Platform and architecture helps the Web integration of applications. By offering standardized integration contracts, J2EE Platform allows application servers to play a key role in the process of Web integration of the applications.Java technology, enterprise application, web application, framework

Electrical methods for the study of elastohydrodynamic films

This paper reviews the electrical methods to evaluate lubrication, with the focus on elastohydrodynamic applications. The methods are based on the measurement of the electrical resistance and/or capacitance, and are used to determine the thickness of lubricating films as well as to detect asperity contact in the mixed lubrication regime. The experimental works are introduced in which these methods are used in conventional sliding and rolling/sliding tests and machine component tests including piston ring and cylinder liner, cam and follower, and gears. Also some works on the effect of electric field upon lubrication phenomena are introduced. Advantages and disadvantages of the electrical methods are discussed

Aggregation Algorithms in Heterogeneous Tables

The heterogeneous tables are most used in the problem of aggregation. A solution for this problem is to standardize these tables of figures. In this paper, we proposed some methods of aggregation based on the hierarchical algorithms.Heterogeneous table, aggregation, algorithms, tree clustering, joining.