Procesamiento estadístico del léxico

Esta conferencia presenta la fundamentación teórica y metodológica y los resultados principales de nuestro proyecto Léxico Básico del Español de Chile, en el que, para determinar el léxico más usado en el país, se operó sobre un corpus de referencia propio de quinientas mil palabras en contexto, extraídas de cerca de mil libros y de más de tres mil ejemplares de diarios chilenos publicados por vez primera entre 1981 y 2006. Se trabajó con distintos géneros que constituyen “mundos” diferentes ¬─Narrativa, Ensayo, Drama, Técnico-Científico y Prensa¬─¬ y se establecieron comparaciones entre el léxico de cada uno de ellos, usando herramientas de estadística inferencial. El procesamiento del corpus ha utilizado herramientas de léxico-estadística y lingüística computacional y ha considerado aspectos semánticos y gramaticales. Los principales resultados de esta investigación son: a) La creación de un corpus de referencia etiquetado de 501211 palabras en contexto. b) La determinación del léxico básico del español de Chile. c) La creación de un diccionario no definitorio de 4832 entradas.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

GLASSS BEAKER WITH LOTUS BUDS FROM ASSERIA

U Arheološkom muzeju u Splitu čuvaju se raznorodni primjerci materijalne kulture antike koji potječu iz Aserije. Posebno mjesto zauzimaju predmeti od keramike i stakla, koji su u taj muzej stizali otkupom, poglavito između dva svjetska rata. Revizijom sitne građe, koju su izvršili djelatnici Arheološkog muzeja u Splitu, ustanovljeno je da se u tom muzeju čuva preko 260 staklenih primjeraka aserijatske provenijencije. Među tim staklenim predmetima nalazi se i konična čaša puhana u kalup s reljefnim nizovima lotosova pupoljka i četiri kazališne maske. [...]The cemetery of Roman Asseria has never been archaeologically excavated. Despite this fact, the Archaeological Museum in Split contains various objects from it, particularly of pottery and glass, acquired by purchase, mostly between the two world wars. Revisory analysis of the museum holdings by curators has established that the Archaeological Museum in Split contains over 260 glass specimens of Asserian provenience. A special place among these glass objects is held by the already well-known conical mould blown beaker with a relief motif of “lotus buds” and four theatrical masks /Fig. 1, 2/. [...

THE MEDIEVAL FINDING OF A "KRAUTSTRUNK« BEAKER FROM ZADAR

While excavating the Archbishop garden which lays at the area of Roman forum in Zadar we have found the medieval trash dump as a closed unit in an ancient stone well. Among the waste of various kinds such as ashes, sea shells, stones and crushed medieval ceramics, there were some glass fragments. These pieces of glass, found at the depht of some 180-230 cm from the pavement level of the ancient forum, have given enough elements in reconstructing the shape and the use of that glass object. Our finding belongs to the type of a conieal body decorated with large almond -shaped applications turning upward. The slightly conical body ends into a short neeked rim while the transition between the rim and the body is being encircled by a horizontally applied glass thread. Such a glass vessel tapers to a concave bottom which is ending in a girl and-like shape. Considering the quality it must be noted that it is an average bluish-green colored glass with the visible traces of streching

DIE FUNDE AUS DEN DEVASTIERTEN GRAEBERN IN SENJ

Autor članka analizira rezultate iskapanja jame kod kuće Tomljanović, u Čopićevu naselju u predjelu Varoš u Senju, gdje su se 1997. ponovno otkrili ostaci materijalne kulture antike. Istraženi prostor bio je uništen za bilo kakva detaljnija arheološka zaštitna istraživanja prije negoli je o tome Muzej bio obaviješten. Pregledom terena i otkopne jame moglo se donekle utvrditi da se radi o 6 do 8 uništenih grobova, koji su, kao i oni istraživani prijašnjih godina, orijentirani u smjeru sjeverozapad-jugoistok. U članku se ističe daje ovaj prostor intenzivno živio u doba antike i kasne antike, što dokazuje sitna grada, osim nekoliko recentnih ulomaka stakla. Naime, osim nalaza monumentalnog antičkog zida, koji je možda pripadao nekom antičkom hramu (Liberov hram?), svi ostali devastirani elementi upućuju na to da je ovdje nekoć bila antička, odnosno kasnoantička nekropola. Potvrde za tu tvrdnju autor nalazi u načinu ukopa, te u pronađenom arheološkom materijalu koji je pripadao razdoblju od kraja 2. do 5. stoljeća nakon Krista. Od svih ulomaka u članku se osobito ističu tri fragmenta staklenoga jajolikog vrča, koji, ne samo na našim prostorima, predstavlja pravi tipološki raritet. Iznosi se mišljenje daje taj nalaz po analogijama sa cilindričnim vrčevima moguće datirati na kraj 3. i u 4 stoljeće nakon Krista, i daje najvjerojatnije proizvod panonskih staklarskih radionica.The author analyses pit excavation results located near Tomljanović house in Čopić settlement, region of Varoš at Senj, where in 1977 were rediscovered the antique culture material remnants. The investigated area was in fact devastated for possible detailed archeological protective exploration much before the Museum was informed accordingly. So, by narrowly examining the ground and uncovered pit, it was possible to establish to an extent there were some six or eight devastated graves which were, like those investigated previously, orientated in north-west/south-east direction. It is pointed out further the area was living intensively during the ancient and late ancient times, which is proved by tiny materials and several recent glass fragments. Meaning, beside the monumental finds of the ancient wall, which might have been also the part of some antique temple (possibly the Temple of Liber), all the other devastated elements suggest that was the place of the ancient or late ancient necropolis. The confirmation for his statement the author finds in the style of sepulture and materials found thereabouts, which belong to a period from the end of the 2nd to the 5th century A.D. The outstanding place among the fragments in this article belong to the three oviform glass jugs which represent, not only on our spaces, the real typological rarity. It has been outlined that, by analogy with the cylinder-shaped jugs, this find might be dated back to the end of the 3rd and the 4th century A.D. and are supposed to be the manufacture of the Pannonian glass workshops.In der Čopić-Ansiedlung, in der Gegend von Varoš, wurden 1997 bei der Ausgrabung einer Grube neben dem Haus Tomljanović Reste materieller Kultur der Antike entdeckt. Dabei konnte man Devastierung des untersuchten Raums feststellen. Das Stadmuseum von Senj wurde üeber diesen Fund zu spaet informiert, und konnte darum keine archaelogischen Untersuchungen durchfuehren. Nach dem Ueberblick des Terrains und der Grube konnte man einigermassen feststellen, dass es sich um 6-8 vernichtete Graeber handelt, die ebenso wie die vor einigen Jahren untersuchten Graeber in Richtung Nordwesten-Suedosten orientiert waren. Das gefundene kleine Material, ausser einigen rezenten Bruchstuecken, zeigt, dass dieser Raum zur Zeit der Antike und Spaetantike ein intensives Leben gefuehrt hatte. Naemlich, ausser dem Fund einer monumentalen antiken Mauer, die vielleicht einem alten Tempel gehoert hatte (Liberus Tempel), weisen alle uebrigen devastierten Elemente auf eine antike, d.h. spaetantike Nekropole hin. Die Bestaetigung dieser Behauptung kann man in dier Weise der Begrabung finden, und auch im entdeckten archaelogischen Material, das dem Zeitraum von Ende des 2. bis Ende des 5. Jahrhunderts gehoert. Unter alien gefundenen Bruchstuecken wollen wir drei Fragmente eines eifoermigen Glaskruges hervorheben, der (nicht nur auf unserem Gebiet) eine typologische Raritaet darstellt. In Analogie zu den zylindrischen Krugen kann man ihn auf etwa Ende des 4. und das 5. Jahrhundert nach Chr. datieren. Er ist am wahrscheinlichsten Produkt der pannonischen Glaswerkstaette

KASNOANTIČKA NEKROPOLA U SENJU

U Senju, na prostoru gdje su i do sada pronalaženi inhumirani pokopi (Varoš-Dolac), otkriven je god. 1986. jedan segment nekropole. U ovom radu obrađena su tri groba (br. 58-60), koji su, za razliku od prethodno otkrivenih, dali grobne nalaze i priloge. Ta pronađena arheološka građa, koja datira pokope u 4. i 5. st., ukazuje na import iz sjeverne Italije, Afrike i najvjerojatnije Panonije.Anfangs 1986 wurden in Senj, auf dem Terrain einiger schon friiher freigelegten Bestat-tungen (Varoš, Čopić-Ansiedlung) noch einige Gräber gefunden. In dieser Arbeit werden drei Gräber mit gut erhaltenen Skeletten beschrieben (Graber 58-60). Es handlet sich um zwei Gräber aus unregelmässigem Stein un um ein Grab in Erdbestattung ohne Grabarchitektur, mit Bedeckung aus Tegula. Alle drei Gräber, samt denjenigen schon friiher gefundenen, beweisen das Bestehen. eines Reihengrabfeldes mit regelmässiger Orientation der Skelette in Richtung Ost — West. Die Grabbeigaben und -Funde gehören zu der norditalischen, afrikanischen und (wa-hrscheinlich) panonischen Produktion und datieren diesen Teil des Grabfeldes in die spä-tantike Zeit (4. — 5. Jh.). Diese Funde bereichern unsere bisherigen Kentnisse der Leben-sweise auf diesem Gebiet, und beweisen ihre Kontinuität und Qualität

NEW EPIGRAPHIC MONUMENTS FROM ASSERIA AND LEPURI

S područja Aserije (Podgrađe kod Benkovca), odnosno iz samog grada i susjednih izvangradskih ruralnih antièkih aglomeracija, koje su razmještene u ageru toga municipalnog središta (današnji Perušić, Kožlovac, Korlat, Lepuri …), do sada je poznata zamjetna količina epigrafskih nalaza. Najveći dio tog fundusa potječe s prvih arheoloških iskapanja na Aseriji s kraja 19. i početka 20. stoljeća. No, uz poneki slučajni nalaz u proteklom razdoblju, nedavno započeta sustavna istraživanja ovoga značajnog južnoliburnskog središta podarila su arheološkoj baštini nove brojne i veoma značajne epigrafske primjerke. U ovom članku autor obrađuje četiri nova epigrafska spomenika. Tri su liburnska nadgrobna cipusa iz Aserije, koja su otkrivena u arheološkoj kampanji 2003. godine, dok je jedan nadgrobna ara s lokaliteta Dolac u Lepurima nedaleko od Aserije. Na spomenicima je izvršena tektonička, stilsko-dekorativna i epigrafska analiza. Na temelju toga, uz nove spoznaje o stanovništvu Aserije, dobiven je cijeli niz elemenata za okvirnu dataciju. Tri cipusa iz Aserije pripadaju vremenskom razdoblju ranog principata, odnosno 1. ili prvoj polovini 2. stoljeća po Kristu. Grobna ara iz Lepura, ako je suditi po posvetnoj formuli i nekim drugim pokazateljima, izrađena je u kasnom principatu, odnosno u drugoj polovini 2. ili na samom početku 3. stoljeća po Kristu.From the area of Asseria (Podgraðe near Benkovac), namely from the very town and its ancient neighbouring rural agglomeration spread over the ager of this municipal centre (today’s Perušić, Kožlovac, Korlat, Lepuri...), a number of epigraphic finds have been stated up to now. The majority of them being discovered at the turn of the 19th c. to the 20th c. after the first archaeological researching in Asseria. Beside some accidental finds from the past in the mean time the recent systematic campaigns have offered some new and significant epigraphic monuments. This article deals with four of them. The three being the Liburnian tombstones from Asseria, found in 2003, while the fourth represents the grave ara from the site of Dolac in Lepuri

NEW LIBURNIAN CIPPUSES FROM ASSERIA

Do sada su pronađena 83 cipusa koji u Liburniji čine jednu specifičnu kategoriju nadgrobnih spomenika sepulkralne namjene. Unutar te spomeničke kategorije izdvojene su tri samosvojne skupine, i četvrta s miješanim tektoničkim i stilsko-dekorativnim karakteristikama. To su: aserijatska skupina (49 cipusa), zadarska (18 cipusa) i krčka skupina (9 cipusa), te skupina osobitih svojstava (7 cipusa). Ovom korpusu liburnskih nadgrobnih spomenika - tzv. liburnskih cipusa s novim arheološkim istraživanjima Aserije (1998. - 2002.) treba pridodati još 15 novih primjeraka. Novim nalazima, bez većih ulomaka kalota, taj broj povećan je na 98 cjelovitih ili cjelovitijih primjeraka. U ovom radu dana je tektonička i stilsko-dekorativna analiza novih nalaza liburnskih nadgrobnih cipusa iz Aserije. Izvršena je epigrafička, odnosno onomastička i paleografska analiza spomenika. Na taj je način ustanovljeno da 13 spomenika pripada aserijatskoj skupini, a dva skupini osobitih svojstava. Po sadašnjem stanju istraženosti aserijatska je skupina najzastupljenija u odnosu na ostale skupine. Njoj ukupno pripadaju 62 nalaza (zadarskoj 18, krčkoj i onoj osobitih svojstava 9), odnosno 63,2%. S druge strane od ukupnog broja cipusa s aserijatskim svojstvima, a njih je 62, u samoj Aseriji pronađena su 42 cipusa (+ dva osobitih svojstava). To znači da je Aserija dala 67,7% cipusa aserijatske skupine. Time je još jednom potvrđena opravdanost imena cijele samosvojne skupine. Stilsko-dekorativna, tektonička, epigrafičko-onomastička i paleografska analiza spomenika pruža dovoljno elemenata za njihovu dataciju u drugu polovicu 1. ili u 2. stoljeće po Kristu, odnosno pretežito u drugu polovcu 1. i drugu polovicu 2. stoljeća. S druge strane, onomastička analiza i dalje ne pruža elemente o etničkoj pripadnosti osoba koje se javljaju na natpisima liburnskih nadgrobnih spomenika – tzv. liburnskih cipusa.After the renewed archaeological excavations, from 1998-2002, fifteen recently discovered tombstones, so-called Liburnian cippuses should be added to the established corpus of Liburnian tombstones. Up to now 83 cippuses have been discovered in Liburnia making a rather specific cathegory of gravestones. Within this special cathegory of monuments the three separate subgroups are determined, and the fourth group consisting of mixed- characteristc items after their style, tectonics and decorations. Of all these examples 49 cippuses originate from Asseria, 18 come from Iader, 9 belong to the Krk group and the remaining 7 tombstones are those having distinctive features. As the separate groups bear the names after the places where most of the examples were discovered it is obvious that the number of sites outnumbers the number of separate groups. At the first place it is Asseria, then Iader, and other Liburnian centres as Aenona, Nedinum, Corinium, Varvaria, Senia and Cvijina gradina and Ostrovica, the islands of Krk (Curicum) and Rab (Arba). See Chart 1. Out of 49 examples of the known cippuses from the Asseriate group 29 were found in Asseria, the three in its close vicinity. Beside the fifteen recently found Liburnian tombstones in Asseria, not including the three greater fragments of callotes covered with squamae (see Tab. 9: 1, 2, 3), the complete corpus consists of 98 examples. The Zadar and Krk groups remain unchanged (having 18 and 9 items) while the two more examples from Asseria should be added to the group with distinctive features. Liburnian cippuses with distinctive features as well as the Krk group consist of nine (9) examples. It means that the Liburnian cippuses with Asseriate characteristics outnumber the rest of them, in other words they are 63,2% of the total. 18,4% belong to the Zadar group, while 9,2% belong equally to the Krk group and to the group of cippuses with distinctive features. On the other hand out of the total with Asseriate characteristics which is 62 examples, 42 were found in Asseria (plus two items with distinctive features). As 67,7% of the cippuses of the Asseriate group come from Asseria, it confirms the name of this genuine group. Furthermore the analyses of style, decoration and tectonics proofed the 13 out of 15 recently found tombstones to be of the Asseriate group. Only two mixed-feature monuments belong to the cathegory with distinctive features. Besides, the three monuments may be considered unfinished (nos. 6, 7, 8). One of them having no inscription (no. 8) the other two being without inscriptions and the inscription fields, while a callote of a cippus has no squammae at all (no. 7). These finds of the unfinshed cippuses reinforce the statement about the existence of a local stone artisans’ workshop in Asseria. The epigraphic analysis done on a small sample of this specific cathegory of the funerary monuments confirm the greater presence of women either as the dead ones or dedicants (see Tab. 1). Out of the five dead persons the three were women, and of four known commemorants again the three were women and only one was a man. However eleven (11) persons may be identified at these five monuments offering enough information. Nine persons are directly mentioned on the inscriptions while two persons come to us indirectly by means of a filiation. These are: [.... ]ia [...... ]ina, C[ae]sia (?) Tertulla, Caelia Facunda, Caelius Facundus, Iulia Maximilla, Sex. Livius Maximus, Trosia Secundilla, C. Trosius, Q. Trosius, Veratia Maximilla and L. Veratius. Six females and five males. The onomastic analysis confirmed the variety of name formulas from the two-name to the rare three-name formulas; the nomenclature of men and women mainly being without the filiation (see Tab. 2). The inscriptions on these monuments lack in information both regarding the deceased and those erecting the tombstones. Recently found monuments do not indicate either tribus or domus of the dead ones, let alone the functions within the lifetimes of the persons in question, the deceased and commemorators. Not a single cursus honorum occured on these newly found funerary monuments. Monuments nos. 3 and 5 bear the motherly relation towards the dead ones, while the monument no. 4 bears the name of a father. In one case a commemorator’s name was not inscribed at all (monument no. 2), while another inscription lacks in relation between the dedicant and the dead one. Beside the given data and numerous dadicating and laudatory formulas it is D(is) M(anibus) which does not occur very often, while the ending laudatory formulas are mainly expressed by the words posuit, i. e. mater infelicissima posuit or pater filiae infelicissimae posuit, abbreviated like P and POS. The paleographic appearance of these inscriptions shows the ballanced spread of the texts over the inscription fields mainly without ligatures, and transfering words into the following line. The monument no. 4 has regular and deep cut letters. Regarding the datation of these 15 monuments it should be noted that not a single tombstone bears any precise element whatsoever. Only their obviously «classical»» style, tectonics and decorative elements may indicate the early imperial period of our Asseriate group. Moreover the paleographic impression of the inscriptions and scarce ligatures, together with unevenness of the name-formula, such as lack of either patronimic, tribus or domus indicate the earlier date. Under the earlier date I assume the second half of the 1st and the 2nd c. AD, or to be more precise, the second half of the 1st and the first half of the 2nd c. AD. The lack of the dedication formula D(is) M(anibus), speaks in favour of the earlier date although that DM formula may have been unknown to persons, the deceased and dedicants, whose names appeared on the Liburnian funerary cippuses. In any case all the morphological and decorative features together with their style, epigraphic, onomastic and paleographic characteristics found at our recently enearthed cippuses indicate that these monuments occured during the 2nd c. AD. Furthermore according to the onomastic analysis we may have the newcomers, mainly Italic citizens, or completely romanized inhabitants of Liburnia, as persons in question. Up to now we have no clear insight into the ethnic provenance of all those persons whose names occured at the funerary monuments, so-called Liburnian cippuses

ANOTHER ENCOUNTER WITH RUBRIARUFINA AND THE NOMEN VERATIUS

U ovom se radu obrađuju dva nova liburnska nadgrobna cipusa koja su pronađena u kasnoantičkom nasipu (zidu) pri sustavnim arheološkim istraživanjima Aserije 2007. godine. Kako je već poznato oni spadaju u posve specifičnu kategoriju spomenika sepulkralne mamjene, karakterističnu za prostor antičke Liburnije. Do sada su na samoj Aseriji ustanovljena 52 liburnska nadgrobna spomenika – tzv. liburnska cipusa. S nova dva nalaza, na ovom lokalitetu pronaðena su čak 54 uglavnom cjelovita cipusa. Novi nalazi ponovno osnažuju dosadašnje spoznaje da je samosvojna aserijatska skupina liburnskih nadgrobnih spomenika u odnosu na ostale - zadarsku i krčku - najzastupljenija. Ovoj skupini pripadaju 74 nalaza (od ukupnog broja od 112 komada), odnosno 66% cjelokupne spomeničke građe. S druge strane od ukupnog broja cipusa s aserijatskim svojstvima, u samoj Aseriji pronađena su 54 spomenika (dva osobitih svojstava). To znači da je Aserija dala 73% cipusa aserijatske skupine. [...]This article discusses two new Liburnian funerary cippi that were found in the late Roman rampart (wall) during systematic archaeological excavations at Asseria in 2007. As is already known, they belong to a quite specific category of monuments of sepulchral purpose characteristic for the region of ancient Liburnia. To date at the site of Asseria itself 52 Liburnian funerary monuments – known as the Liburnian cippus – have been discovered. With the two new finds, 54 mostly entire cippi have been found at this site. The new finds again confirm that the autonomous Asserian group of Liburnian funerary monuments is the most represented in relation to the other – Zadar and Krk – groups. This group contains 74 finds (from the total of 112), or 66% of the total material. On the other hand, of the total number of cippi with Asserian traits, 54 monuments were found at Asseria itself (and two with specific attributes). This means that 73% of the cippi of the Asserian group come from Asseria itself. [...

Alexandros the Glassmaker

U provinciji Dalmaciji, odnosno u antičkoj luci u Resniku kod Trogira pronađeno je još jedno - uzdosad tri poznata primjerka (Akvileja, Rim i British Museum) - dobro očuvano dno s reljefnimžigom i imenom Alexandros (Aλεξανδρος). Dno također pripada staklenom vrču četverokutna tijelazelenožućkaste boje. Reljefna slova ispisana su (u pozitivu) unutar dva koncentrična reljefna kruga,kao što je to slučaj kod većine žigova s grčkim imenima na dnu vrčeva kvadratična tijela. U srediničetvrtasta dna vidljiv je otisak alatke za pridržavanje vrča pri obradi gornjeg dijela recipijenta. Slova suvelika, veoma pravilna i čitljiva. Ime staklara doneseno je u genitivu (AΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ).Stakleno dno iz Resnika pokazuje iznimno kvalitetan rad sa slovima grčkog alfabeta koja su odraznaslijeđa helenističke kulture i utjecaja latinske klasične kapitale. Na temelju cijelog niza elemenatasa sigurnošću se može kazati da kvadratični vrč Aleksandrosa nije kasnoantički produkt, a ni produktradionica koje su proizvodile uobičajene kvadratične vrčeve od plavkastog ili plavkastozelenkastogstakla. Grčki alfabet, paleografska analiza i zelenožućkasta boja stakla upućuju na zaključak da jevrijeme nastanka ovih vrčeva sredina 1. stoljeća poslije Krista.Moguće je da je primjerak vrča iz radionice AΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ doplovio u luku Resnik s istočnogMediteran. Vjerojatnije je, međutim, da je on produkt neke italske staklarske radionice, posebno sobzirom na to da masivniji kvadratični vrčevi na Istoku nisu osobito uobičajeni.Relief marks on antique glass recipients are extremely interesting for research of the glass making,regardless whether it was a sign for a glass workshop, glassmaker or the manufacturer of the contentskept in them.Marks with the manufacturer’s names (or only the initials) are found on the square jugs. As a rulethey were written in Latin alphabet, and so far these were noted on the Croatian coastal area: P(ublius)ACCIUS ALCINUS (or ALCINO), L(ucius) AEMILIUS BLASIUS (or BLASTIUS), C(aius) SALVIUS GRATUS andC(neius) POMPEIUS CASSIANUS, and the initials CSOR.Relief imprints of the names in Greek alphabet at the bottom of the square - bodied jugs arevery rare. Sixteen Greek names on twenty prismatic jugs, together with one hexagonal and threeoctagonal examples are known in the Roman Empire so far. Another example from the ancient portin Resnik near Trogir should be added to this example. It has a name AΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ written in genitiv(AΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ) at the bottom.Alexandros is the most frequent Greek name found so far at the bottom of the jugs with squarebodies. Three examples of bottoms with this name are registered in the Roman Empire. First knownjug with quadratic shaped body with the name Aλεξανδρος that was published in the early 20thcentury by A. Kisa and M. L. Trowbridge and G. L. Jacobson eventually, originates from Rome. Onesuch bottom was found in Aquileia and one is kept in the British Museum, and is published by S. H.Auth in a note as a comparative example for the octagonal jug kept in the Newark Museum with thename Πριςκος (from Palestine?). Origin of the example from the British Museum is not noted so it ispossible that it was brought from the eastern part of the Empire. Unfortunately, bottom with the reliefmark of this name from Rome was not illustrated, and jug from England was not published at all (as faras I am aware). M. C. Calvi publishes one drawing of the bottom of the Aquileia fi nd, so it can be usedfor the comparative and paleographic analysis of the text (fi gure 1).So, besides the aforementioned three examples, one better-preserved bottom with the relief markwith the name of Alexandros (Aλεξανδρος) was found in the province of Dalmatia, or in the ancientport of Resnik near Trogir. The bottom belongs to the green-yellow glass jug with square body (fi gure2). Relief letters are written (in positive) within two concentric relief circles, as was the case with mostof the aforementioned marks with Greek names (fi gure 3). Impression of the tool used for holdingthe jug while shaping the upper part of the container can be seen in the centre of the square bottom.Preserved bottom width is 9 x 9 cm. The letters are large, very regular and legible. Their height is about1.5 cm. The name of the glassmaker is given in genitive (AΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ) as is the case with all the othermarks with Alexandros’ name on them.The letters of the comparative Aquileian examples are inattentively made, more rustic andirregular compared to the Resnik text. They are written as a refl ection, to be more precise they werestamped as a refl ection on the positive from the mould. Only the letter sigma was made in positive,but it was written as a refl ecting cursive epsilon. Ligature is noticed with the letters ΛE and AN, and itis possible that ligature also had the ending letters of the names in genitive that were not preserved -PO or OY (considering that there was not enough space for the three letters). It is also interesting thatthe Aquileian example has alpha with broken horizontal hasta, as is the case with alpha on the reliefstamp at the bottom from Resnik near Trogir.It is very diffi cult at this stage of research to answer the question in which glass-blowing centresthese square jugs were made. It is possible that in the Early Imperial period numerous glassmakersfrom the east opened their shops on the Italian peninsula, because that is where the largest numberof bottoms of square jugs with Greek names and alphabet were found. However, these bottoms wereusually found with single examples of names, so it is very diffi cult to discuss their place of origin. It ispossible that this Croatian example came to the port of Resnik from the east Mediterranean, possiblySiria, or what is more likely from some Italian workshop. Considering the fact that large number ofjugs with quadratic bodies was not found in the ancient part of the port, it is most probable that the found bottom did not belong to the ship cargo, but it belonged to the ship’s or the crew’s equipment.It is hard to believe based only on one fi nd that the jug was manufactured in ancient Salona.Time of the manufacture of the square jug with stamped name AΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ can be defi nedbased on the whole set of elements. As other examples of bottoms with Greek names, this one differsin quality and colour of glass from the usual square jugs popular in the western part of the RomanEmpire that are especially numerous in the area of ancient Zadar (Jader), Nin (Aenona) and Podgrađe(Asseria). These are dated in the second half of the 1st and the 2nd century AD. On the other hand, it isanalogous to the rare Early Christian examples with the relief of the Christ’s monogram and the cross,although it is not a product of the 3rd or 4th century. Most probably, Aλεξανδρος the glassmaker hadhis workshop where he manufactured also the square jugs with his name around the middle of the1st century AD