217 research outputs found
Capillary Condensation in Confined Media
We review here the physics of capillary condensation of liquids in confined
media, with a special regard to the application in nanotechnologies. The
thermodynamics of capillary condensation and thin film adsorption are first
exposed along with all the relevant notions. The focus is then shifted to the
modelling of capillary forces, to their measurements techniques (including SFA,
AFM and crack tips) and to their influence on AFM imaging techniques as well as
on the static and dynamic friction properties of solids (including granular
heaps and sliding nanocontacts). A great attention is spent in investigating
the delicate role of the surface roughness and all the difficulties involved in
the reduction of the probe size to nanometric dimensions. Another major
consequence of capillary condensation in nanosystems is the activation of
several chemical and corrosive processes that can significantly alter the
surface properties, such as dissolution/redeposition of solid materials and
stress-corrosion crack propagation.Comment: 28 pages - To appear in 2010 in the Handbook of Nanophysics - Vol 1 -
Edited by Klaus Sattler - CRC Pres
Where does a cohesive granular heap break?
In this paper, we consider the effect of cohesion on the stability of a
granular heap. We first briefly review literature results on the cohesion force
between two rough granular beads and specifically consider the dependence of
the adhesion force on the normal load. We then compute the dependence of the
maximum angle of stability of the heap as a function of the cohesion. We point
out that the dependence of the cohesive forces on the external normal load
between grains is a key point in determining the localization of the failure
plane. While for a constant cohesive force, slip occurs deep inside the heap,
surface failure is obtained for a linear dependence of the cohesion on the
normal stress.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.
Slow Kinetics of Capillary Condensation in Confined Geometry: Experiment and Theory
When two solid surfaces are brought in contact, water vapor present in the
ambient air may condense in the region of the contact to form a liquid bridge
connecting the two surfaces : this is the so-called capillary condensation.
This phenomenon has drastic consequences on the contact between solids,
modifying the macroscopic adhesion and friction properties. In this paper, we
present a survey of the work we have performed both experimentally and
theoretically to understand the microscopic foundations of the kinetics of
capillary condensation. From the theoretical point of view, we have computed
the free energy barrier associated with the condensation of the liquid from the
gas in a confined system. These calculations allow to understand the existence
of very large hysteresis, which is often associated with capillary
condensation. This results are compatible with experimental results obtained
with a surface forces apparatus in a vapor atmosphere, showing a large hysteris
of the surface energy of two parallel planes as a function of their distance.
In the second part, we present some experiments on the influence of humidity on
the avalanche angle of granular media. We show that the ageing in time of this
avalanche angle can be explained by the slow kinetics of capillary condensation
in a random confined geometry.Comment: Special Volume of Colloids and Surfaces A,Proceedings of
Nanocapillarity: Wetting of Heterogeneous Surfaces and Porous Solids,June
25-27, 2001, TRI/Princeton International Workshop, Editor: Alexander V.
Neimar
Giant osmotic pressure in the forced wetting of hydrophobic nanopores
The forced intrusion of water in hydrophobic nanoporous pulverulent material
is of interest for quick storage of energy. With nanometric pores the energy
storage capacity is controlled by interfacial phenomena. With subnanometric
pores, we demonstrate that a breakdown occurs with the emergence of molecular
exclusion as a leading contribution. This bulk exclusion effect leads to an
osmotic contribution to the pressure that can reach levels never previously
sustained. We illustrate on various electrolytes and different microporous
materials, that a simple osmotic pressure law accounts quantitatively for the
enhancement of the intrusion and extrusion pressures governing the forced
wetting and spontaneous drying of the nanopores. Using electrolyte solutions,
energy storage and power capacities can be widely enhanced
Wall slip of complex fluids: interfacial friction or slip length?
Using a dynamic Surface Force Apparatus, we demonstrate that the notion of
slip length used to describe the boundary flow of simple liquids, is not
appropriate for viscoelastic liquids. Rather, the appropriate description lies
in the original Navier's partial slip boundary condition, formulated in terms
of an interfacial friction coefficient. We establish an exact analytical
expression to extract the interfacial friction coefficient from oscillatory
drainage forces between a sphere and a plane, suitable for dynamic SFA or
Atomic Force Microscopy non-contact measurements. We use this model to
investigate the boundary friction of viscoelastic polymer solutions over 5
decades of film thicknesses and one decade in frequency. The proper use of the
original Navier's condition describes accurately the complex hydrodynamic force
up to scales of tens of micrometers, with a simple "Newtonian-like" friction
coefficient, not frequency dependent, and reflecting closely the dynamics of an
interfacial depletion layer at the solution/solid interface.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Nanorheology : an Investigation of the Boundary Condition at Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interfaces
t has been shown that the flow of a simple liquid over a solid surface can
violate the so-called no-slip boundary condition. We investigate the flow of
polar liquids, water and glycerol, on a hydrophilic Pyrex surface and a
hydrophobic surface made of a Self-Assembled Monolayer of OTS
(octadecyltrichlorosilane) on Pyrex. We use a Dynamic Surface Force Apparatus
(DSFA) which allows one to study the flow of a liquid film confined between two
surfaces with a nanometer resolution. No-slip boundary conditions are found for
both fluids on hydrophilic surfaces only. Significant slip is found on the
hydrophobic surfaces, with a typical length of one hundred nanometers.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for European Physical Journal
E - Sofr Mate
Out of equilibrium anomalous elastic response of a water nano-meniscus
We report the observation of a transition in the dynamical properties of
water nano-menicus which dramatically change when probed at different time
scales. Using a AFM mode that we name Force Feedback Microscopy, we observe
this change in the simultaneous measurements, at different frequencies, of the
stiffness G'(N/m), the dissipative coefficient G''(kg/sec) together with the
static force. At low frequency we observe a negative stiffness as expected for
capillary forces. As the measuring time approaches the microsecond, the dynamic
response exhibits a transition toward a very large positive stiffness. When
evaporation and condensation gradually lose efficiency, the contact line
progressively becomes immobile. This transition is essentially controlled by
variations of Laplace pressure
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