The effect of a two-fluid atmosphere on relativistic stars

We model the physical behaviour at the surface of a relativistic radiating star in the strong gravity limit. The spacetime in the interior is taken to be spherically symmetrical and shear-free. The heat conduction in the interior of the star is governed by the geodesic motion of fluid particles and a nonvanishing radially directed heat flux. The local atmosphere in the exterior region is a two-component system consisting of standard pressureless (null) radiation and an additional null fluid with nonzero pressure and constant energy density. We analyse the generalised junction condition for the matter and gravitational variables on the stellar surface and generate an exact solution. We investigate the effect of the exterior energy density on the temporal evolution of the radiating fluid pressure, luminosty, gravitational redshift and mass flow at the boundary of the star. The influence of the density on the rate of gravitational collapse is also probed and the strong, dominant and weak energy conditions are also tested. We show that the presence of the additional null fluid has a significant effect on the dynamical evolution of the star.Comment: 31 pages, Minor corrections implemente

Confused, Frustrated, and Exhausted: Solving the U.S. Digital First Sale Doctrine Problem Through the International Lens

Users worldwide enjoy digital goods such as music and e-books on a daily basis. They have become a major part of people\u27s lives, with uses ranging from lighthearted entertainment to serious educational pursuits. In many cases, convenience and affordability make digital goods more preferable than their analog counterparts. However, users often cannot use digital goods as freely as they would analog goods. Courts, legislation, and businesses prohibit those users, accustomed to reselling unwanted hard-copy books or vinyl records, from reselling digital books and music. This confuses users as to what they can actually do with their digital goods. This Note proposes that the United States adopts a digital first sale doctrine based on normative principles pulled from E.U. and Canadian copyright law

In search of a corpus: book and body in the Satires of Persius

This dissertation treats Persius’ book of satires as a physical object, as a text to be read aloud, as a literary artefact that has a fundamental total structure, and as a text that is interested in its genre and in how satire can position itself against tired philosophical and literary traditions and tropes. It seeks to diversify the intellectual contexts in which the satirist may be situated—both literary and philosophical, ranging from Hipponax to Ovid, Plato to Cornutus. In the first chapter, we struggle to track down a poet who compulsively avoids identification in his Prologue. It turns out that he is best identified by a reactionary Hipponactean meter and very misleading birdsounds. Without addressee or self-identification or occasion, the poem is labeled a carmen at the same time that we are told that carmina are to be distrusted. In the second chapter, the poet introduces his libellus to us—or, rather, it turns out that he is not interested in us at all—he talks to his book or to some fiction that he has invented for the occasion of Satire I. The book itself may be read or not, he doesn’t mind. The poet focuses his attention on the poetry-reading practices of others in performance, alighting upon their every intimate body part, but denies us a view of him—he is merely the concealed spleen. In Chapter Three, the poet continues his exploration of performative speech (prayer, this time) in Satire II, while maintaining his self-concealment. We see only his inner, highly unappealing raw heart on a platter. A body part further to the spleen is added to our plate: the heart, uncooked. His last words hint at what he has to offer; but we’ll be sorry that he does soon enough. Chapter Four shows that in the central poem, Satire III, the poet swings vastly in the other direction. Rather than a disembodied critique of others, the poem’s opening lines are highly focalized through the poet’s experience. He exposes more of his body than we would ever wish to see—splitting and gaping open, it becomes a giant pore. At the same moment, his book comes physically into our view, but it is as split as he is. The hardened critic turns out to be a leaky vessel, a failing proficiens who cannot catch up to his Stoic lessons. In the fifth chapter, the poet picks up another book, Plato’s Alcibiades, which shares his interest in the morally underdeveloped youth and the hazards of ethical progress. In Satire IV, his rendition of that dialogue, Persius offers a theory of dialogue as fiction that frames his engagement with philosophy. The result is that the Stoics may find that they have a very bad student on their hands, one who raises the specter of Socrates’ misbehavior and failures. The sixth chapter expands the discussion of Persius’ relation to the Platonic corpus in Satire V, which sustains and develops Platonic questions of desire, slavery, and praise, and confuses its own genres. Finally, Chapter Seven addresses Persius’ retreat, projected death, and reincarnation in Satire VI. He reflects upon the fate of his body. He is unconcerned about what happens to bodies and poets—and, implicitly, their texts—after death. The poet’s book and the body are merged in their insignificance

Denotation by Transformation: Towards Obtaining a Denotational Semantics by Transformation to Point-free Style

It has often been observed that a point-free style of programming provides a more abstract view on programs. We aim to use the gain in abstraction to obtain a denotational semantics for functional logic languages in a straightforward way. Here we propose a set of basic operations based on which arbitrary functional logic programs can be transformed to point-free programs. The resulting programs are strict but, nevertheless, the semantics of the original program is preserved. There is a one-to-one mapping from the primitives introduced by the transformation to operations in relation algebra. This mapping can be extended to obtain a relation algebraic model for the whole program. This yields a denotational semantics which is on one hand closely related to point-free functional logic programs and on the other hand connects to the well developed field of algebraic logic including automatic proving