Cognitive Processing of Verbal Quantifiers in the Context of Affirmative and Negative Sentences: a Croatian Study

Studies from English and German have found differences in the processing of affirmative and negative sentences. However, little attention has been given to quantifiers that form negations. A picture-sentence verification task was used to investigate the processing of different types of quantifiers in Croatian: universal quantifiers in affirmative sentences (e.g. all), non-universal quantifiers in compositional negations (e.g. not all), null quantifiers in negative concord (e.g. none) and relative disproportionate quantifiers in both affirmative and negative sentences (e.g. some). The results showed that non-universal and null quantifiers, as well as negations were processed significantly slower compared to affirmative sentences, which is in line with previous findings supporting the two-step model. The results also confirmed that more complex tasks require a longer reaction time. A significant difference in the processing of same-polarity sentences with first-order quantifiers was observed: sentences with null quantifiers were processed faster and more accurately than sentences with disproportional and non-universal quantifiers. A difference in reaction time was also found in affirmatives with different quantifiers: sentences with universal quantifiers were processed significantly faster and more accurately compared to sentences with relative disproportionate quantifiers. These findings indicate that the processing of quantifiers follows after the processing of affirmative information. In the context of the two-step model, the processing of quantifiers occurs in the second step, along with negations

Java Tools for Extreme Programming

Non

Possibility of Preparing Thematic Maps Through Developing of the Geographic Information System (GIS)

Poznato je da danas za planiranje održivog razvoja i korištenje prostora treba raspolagati velikim brojem kvalitetnih i pouzdanih informacija, na temelju kojih je onda moguće donošenje pravodobnih i valjanih odluka. Jedan su od najvažnijih oblika informacija različite kartografske podloge. Izrada takvih podloga je do nedavno bila dosta kompleksna i zahtijevala je puno rada. Međutim, danas je zahvaljujući prije svega tehnologiji GIS-a, moguće izraditi odgovarajuće geografsko-informacijske sustave s bazama podataka, na temelju kojih je onda moguće na relativno jednostavan i vrlo brzi način izrađivati mnoge potrebne tematske karte.U radu prvo prikazujemo način izrade Geografskog i zemljišnog informacijskog sustava (GIZIS) Karlovačke županije, koji, iako je rađen za potrebe daljnjeg razvoja poljoprivrede, može koristiti i za razvoj šumarstva, zaštitu čovjekova okoliša, prostorno planiranje, u vodnom gospodarstvu te za zaštitu i uređenje tala. Na nekoliko primjera zatim prikazujemo mogućnost izrade raznih tematskih karata iz spomenutoga GIZIS-a. Temeljne podatke za izradu geografskog i zemljišnog informacijskog sustava činili su podaci s Osnovnih pedoloških karata i topografskih karata Republike Hrvatske mjerila 1:50 000 te podaci iz drugih studija rađenih za potrebe razvoja poljoprivrede na području županije. Navedeni podaci, zajedno s rezultatima dobivenima obradom i analizom tih podataka metodom digitalizacije, generalizacije i interpolacije, ukomponirani su u jedinstvenu bazu podataka geografskog i zemljišnog informacijskog sustava korištenjem softvera AutoCad, ArcInfo, ArcWiew i Access te odgovarajućeg hardvera. Baza podataka GIZIS-a sastoji se iz dvaju dijelova. Prvi dio baze podataka čine podaci koji se odnose na poligone - pedološke konture, a drugi dio čine podaci koji se odnose na pedološke profile. Baza je organizirana tako da se mogu izrađivati razne tematske karte, ali isto se tako može koristiti i u digitalnom obliku uz upotrebu programskog paketa Arc Wiew, čime se na relativno jednostavan i brz način mogu dobiti mnoge informacije bilo pretraživanjem baze bilo postavljanjem upita. Podaci uvršteni u bazu osnova su za izradu mnogih tematskih karata različitoga mjerila. Kao primjer upotrebe GIZIS-a za razvoj poljoprivrede izradili smo tematsku kartu pogodnosti zemljišta za povrtlarsku proizvodnju, na temelju koje je na osnovi inventarizacije površina utvrđeno da na području županije ima 15 197,6 ha pogodnih tala za povrtlarstvo, što je samo 4,56% od ukupne površine tala. Drugi primjer upotrebe GIZIS-a odnosi se na prostorno planiranje i u sklopu toga smo izradili bonitetnu kartu na temelju koje smo utvrdili da površina I-V. bonitetne klase, koje su zakonom zaštićene (N.N. 54/1994) tako da se ne smiju koristiti u nepoljoprivredne svrhe, iznosi ukupno 189 057 ha, što je 56,8% od ukupne površine tala. Dakle, ovim se npr. tlima mora pokloniti odgovarajuća pozornost na zaštiti od nekontrolirane i neopravdane prenamjene. U sklopu prikaza mogućnosti upotrebe GIZIS-a za zaštitu i uređenje tala izradili smo tematsku kartu potreba tla za kalcifikacijom, na temelju koje se može utvrditi prostorna rasprostranjenost, te površinu tala kod kojih postoji potreba za tom agrotehničkom mjerom.It is a well known fact that nowadays planning of sustainable development and land use requires a lot of reliable and good quality information, which serves as the basis for timely and adequate decision-making. One of the most important forms of information is presented in various maps. Until recently, preparing of such data was, no doubt, a rather complex and time-consuming task. However, at present, thanks to, first of all, the GIS technology it is possible to develop corresponding geographic information systems with databases which then allow comparatively simple and quick preparing of necessary thematic maps. The paper first presents the method of developing the Geographic and Land Information System (GLIS) of the Karlovac County which, although developed for the purpose of agricultural development, may also be used in the development of forestry, environment protection, physical planning, water management and for soil conservation and regulation. Several examples illustrate the possibilities of preparing of specialised maps based on this GLIS. The basic data for developing of the geographic and land information system were the data of the Basic Soil Maps and topographic maps of the Republic of Croatia at the scale of 1:50 000 or 1:25 000, and the data from other studies made for the purpose of agricultural development in the area. These data, together with the results of processing and analysing of this data, by digitalisation, generalisation and interpolation, were incorporated into an integrated database of the geographic and land information system by using Microstation, AutoCad, ArcInfo, ArcWiew and Access software and the corresponding hardware. GLIS database consists of two parts. The first part includes the data referring to polygons - pedological contours, and the other part the data on pedological profiles. The base is organised in a way that enable the preparation of different thematic maps, but it can be also used in digital form allowing simple and easy access by the ArcWiew program package to all information, either by the base search or by putting questions. The data included in the database are the basis for preparation of numerous specialised thematic maps at various scales. As an example of the use of GLIS for agricultural development, a thematic map showing soil suitability for vegetable production was made, which, by area inventory shows that in the County there are 15 197.6 ha of soils suitable for vegetable production, which is only 4.56% of the total area of soil. The second example of the use of GLIS is in physical planning, where the land classification map was made, defining soils of classes 1 through 5, which are protected by the law (N.N. 54/1994) from being used for non-agricultural purposes. Such soils comprise the area of 189 057.0 ha, which is 56.79% of the total area. Thus, these soils must be paid proper attention and protected from uncontrolled and unjustified use for purposes other than agriculture. Other examples of the use of GLIS is in land conservation and development. The specialised map was made showing the requirements for liming, which allows determining the distribution and areas of soils that require this agrotechnical measure

Utjecaj obrade tla i malča na strukturu tla, zbijenost i prinos soje na fluvisolu

Soil tillage management can have positive and negative short-term effect on agroecosystem. Therefore, searching for optimal tillage management is crucial for the maintenance and improvement of soil functions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and reduced tillage (RT) on Fluvisols in humid environments (Croatia). Under each treatment, subplots with and without straw were applied. The impact was assessed on physical soil properties and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield. Soil bulk density was significantly lower in RT with straw when compared to the other treatments. Straw significantly effected bulk density at 10-20 cm depth. Penetration resistance did not exceed the value of 2.5 MPa on any treatment, it was also significantly reduced on covered plots in Autumn. Soil water content showed higher values in straw treatments at MT and RT. Water stable aggregates percentage were high at straw plots and at MT and RT in addition to CT. Moreover, soybean grain yield was higher in straw plots at RT and MT. It can be recognized in the aspect of short-term results that the MT and RT is an advisable alternative for CT due to its positive impact on soil physical condition and grain yield.Primjena novog sustava obrade tla može imati pozitivan i negativan kratkoročni učinak na agroekosustav. Stoga, otkrivanje optimalne obrade je ključna za održavanje i pospješivanje funkcija tla. Svrha ovog istraživanja je analiza utjecaja konvencionalne (CT), minimalne (MT) i reducirane obrade tla (RT) na Fluvisole u humidnom podneblju (Hrvatska). Svaki sustav obrade podijeljen je na parcele sa i bez slame. Utjecaj je fokusiran na fizikalna svojstva tla i prinos soje (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Volumna gustoća tla bila je značajno niža kod RT sa slamom u usporedbi s ostalim tretmanima. Utjecaj slame na volumnu gutoću zabilježen je i na 10-20 cm dubine. Mehanički otpor tla nije premašio vrijednost od 2.5 MPa na bilo kojem tretmanu, te je značajno smanjen na parcelama pod slamom u jesen. Sadržaj vode u tlu pokazao je veće vrijednosti na parcelama pod slamom na RT i MT. Postotak stabilnih agregata velika je na parcelama s slamom na RT I MT. Prinos zrna soje bio je veći na parcelama pod slamom na RT i MT. Iz aspekta kratkoročnih rezultata može se zaključiti da je MT i RT preporučljiva alternativa za CT zbog pozitivnog utjecaja na fizikalno stanje tla i prinos zrna

Circulation in the Gulf of Trieste: Measurements and model results

The study presents seasonal variability of currents in the Southern part of the Gulf of Trieste. A time series analysis of currents and wind stress for the period 2003-2006, which were measured by the coastal oceanographic buoy, was conducted. A comparison between these data and results obtained from a numerical model of circulation in the Gulf was performed to validate model results. Three different approaches were applied to the wind data to determine the wind stress. Similarities were found between Kondo and Smith approaches while the method of Vera shows differences which were particularly noticeable for lower (= 1m/s) and higher wind speeds (= 15 m/s). Mean currents in the surface layer are generally outflow currents from the Gulf due to wind forcing (bora). However in all other depth layers inflow currents are dominant. With the principal component analysis (PCA) major and minor axes were determined for all seasons. The major axis of maximum variance in years between 2003 and 2006 is prevailing in NE-SW direction, which is parallel to the coastline. Comparison of observation and model results is showing that currents are similar (in direction) for the surface and bottom layers but are significantly different for the middle layer (5–13m). At a depth between 14–21m velocities are comparable in direction as well as in magnitude even though model values are higher. Higher values of modelled currents at the surface and near the bottom are explained by higher values of wind stress that were used in the model as driving input with respect to the stress calculated from the measured winds. Larger values of modelled currents near the bottom are related to the larger inflow that needs to compensate for the larger modelled outflow at the surface. However, inspection of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity and density shows that the model is reproducing a weaker density gradient which enables the penetration of the outflow surface currents to larger depths

Autonomous Operation of Stationary Battery Energy Storage Systems—Optimal Storage Design and Economic Potential

Global warming requires a changeover from fossil fuel based to renewable energy sources on the electrical supply side and electrification of the demand side. Due to the transient nature of renewables and fluctuating demand, buffer capacities are necessary to compensate for supply/demand imbalances. Battery energy storage systems are promising. However, the initial costs are high. Repurposing electric vehicle batteries can reduce initial costs. Further, storage design optimization could significantly improve costs. Therefore, a battery control algorithm was developed, and a simulation study was performed to identify the optimal storage design and its economic potential. The algorithm used is based on autonomous (on-site) optimization, which relies on an incentive determining the operation mode (charge, discharge, or idle). The incentive used was the historic day-ahead stock market price for electricity, and the resulting potential economic gains for different European countries were compared for the years 2015–2019. This showed that there is a correlation between economic gain, optimal storage design (capacity-to-power ratio), and the mean standard deviation, as well as the mean relative change of the different day-ahead prices. Low yearly mean standard deviations of about 0.5 Euro Cents per kWh battery capacity lead to yearly earnings of about 1 €/kWh, deviations of 1 Euro Cent to 10 €/kWh, and deviations of 2 Euro Cents to 20 €/kWh. Small yearly mean relative changes, lower than 5%, lead to capacity-to-power ratios greater than 3, relative changes around 10% to an optimal capacity-to-power between 1.5 and 3, and for relative changes greater than 10% to an optimal capacity-to-power ratios of 1. While in countries like the United Kingdom, high potential earnings are expected, the economic prospective in countries like Norway is low due to limited day-ahead price performance.publishedVersio