Distributed Software Requirement Specification- An Overview

The requirement phase plays an important role in the software development process. This paper presents an overview of the distributed software requirement specification. It covers the various topics like characteristics, categories of requirement specification, requirement inconsistency

Women Entrepreneurs- Challenges and Opportunities in India

India is definitely the hub of entrepreneurs worldwide, women are considered to be as equal parameters in development but due to exploitation and subjugation, Indian women have remained at receiving end. Women in India have been neglected a lot; they are not involved in the mainstream of development even though they represent a proportion of population and labor force. Women entrepreneurs are the persons who accept challenges to meet the personal requirements and become economically independent. Position of women and their status in the society is the measuring scale of civilization.Indian women business owners are changing the face of businesses of today, both factually and metaphorically. The energetic growth and spreading out of women-owned businesses is one of the significant trends of the past decade, and all indication is that it will persist unabated. For more than a decade, the number of women-owned businesses has grown at one-and-a-half to two times the rate of all businesses. Even more important, the expansion in revenues and employment has far exceeded the intensification in numbers.This paper throws light on women entrepreneur, who manages small to medium size enterprises. It also examines the problems faced by women in setting and prolongation of their businesses and conflicts faced by them. It also overviews the reasons for starting the business and success they achieved and in the last it examines how the initial problems faced by them are similar with that of women of other countries

Reinforcement Learning from Passive Data via Latent Intentions

Passive observational data, such as human videos, is abundant and rich in information, yet remains largely untapped by current RL methods. Perhaps surprisingly, we show that passive data, despite not having reward or action labels, can still be used to learn features that accelerate downstream RL. Our approach learns from passive data by modeling intentions: measuring how the likelihood of future outcomes change when the agent acts to achieve a particular task. We propose a temporal difference learning objective to learn about intentions, resulting in an algorithm similar to conventional RL, but which learns entirely from passive data. When optimizing this objective, our agent simultaneously learns representations of states, of policies, and of possible outcomes in an environment, all from raw observational data. Both theoretically and empirically, this scheme learns features amenable for value prediction for downstream tasks, and our experiments demonstrate the ability to learn from many forms of passive data, including cross-embodiment video data and YouTube videos.Comment: Accompanying website at https://dibyaghosh.com/icvf

Deep Bite Malocclusion: Exploration Of The Skeletal And Dental Factors

Background: Correction of deep bite is crucial for maintenance of dental hard and soft tissue structures and for prevention of temporomandibular joint disorders. Exploration of underlying skeletal and dental factors is essential for efficient and individualized treatment planning. To date etiological factors of dental and skeletal deep bite have not been explored in Pakistani orthodontic patients. The objectives of this study were to explore frequencies of dental and skeletal etiological factors in deep bite patients and to determine correlations amongst dental and skeletal etiological factors of deep bite.Methods: The study included a total of 113 subjects (males=35; females=78) with no craniofacial syndromes or prior orthodontic treatment. Pre-treatment orthodontic records were used to evaluate various dental and skeletal parameters. Descriptive statistics of each parameter were calculated. The various study parameters were correlated using Pearson\u27s Correlation.Results: Deep curve of Spee was most frequently seen factor of dental deep bite (72.6%), followed by increased coronal length of upper incisors (28.3%), retroclined upper incisors (17.7%), retroclined lower incisors (8%) and increased coronal length of lower incisors (5.3%). Decreased gonial angle was most commonly found factor of skeletal deep bite (43.4%), followed by decreased mandibular plane angle (27.4%) and maxillary plane\u27s clockwise rotation (26.5%). Frankfort mandibular plane angle and gonial angle showed a strong positive correlation (r=0.66, p=0.000).CONCLUSIONS: Reduced gonial angle is most frequently seen skeletal factor, signifying the importance of angulation and growth of ramus in development of deep bite. Deep curve of Spee is most frequently seen dental etiological component in deep bite subjects, hence signifying the importance of intruding the lower anterior teeth

Frequency of dentofacial asymmetries: A cross-sectional study on orthodontic patients

Background: Correction of orthodontic asymmetries is crucial to achieve functional occlusion, aesthetics and stability of post orthodontic treatment results. To date valid frequency data of dentofacial asymmetries in Pakistani orthodontic patients do not exist to document orthodontic treatment need. The objectives of this study were to determine frequency of dento-facial asymmetries, severity of dental asymmetries and to determine difference in frequency of dentofacial asymmetries in mixed and permanent dentition. Methods: The sample of this cross-sectional study comprised of 280 patients (177 females and 103 males) with no history of previous orthodontic treatment having no craniofacial anomalies. Dento-facial asymmetries were assessed from pre-treatment records of patients. Descriptive statistics were used to determine frequency of dentofacial asymmetries and severity of dental asymmetries. Chi-square test was used to determine difference in frequency of dentofacial asymmetries in mixed and permanent dentition. Results: Seventy eight percent (219) of patients had noncoincident midlines, 67.5% (189) had mandibular midline asymmetry, 43.2% (122) had molar asymmetry, 15.7% (44) had mandibular arch asymmetry, 14.3% (40) had maxillary midline asymmetry, 13.6% (38) had maxillary arch asymmetry, 6.1% (17) had nose deviation, and 12.1% (34) had facial asymmetry and chin deviation. In most patients dental midlines were deviated from one another and from facial midline by ¼ lower incisor widths, while molar asymmetry was found in most patients by ¼ cusp width. Mandibular arch asymmetry was more frequent in permanent than mixed dentition (p = 0.054). Conclusions: Non-coincident dental midline is most commonly seen. Nose deviation is least commonly observed. Mandibular arch asymmetry is more frequent in permanent than mixed dentition

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Sustained Release Tablets of Aceclofenac

Treatment of an acute disease or a chronic illness has been mostly accomplished by delivery of drugs to patients using various pharmaceutical dosage forms, including tablets, capsules, pills, suppositories, creams, ointments, liquids, aerosols, and injectables, as drug carriers. This type of drug delivery system is known to provide a prompt release of drug or immediate release product. Such immediate release products result in relatively rapid drug absorption and onset of accompanying pharmacodynamic effects. However, after absorption of drug from the dosage form is complete, plasma drug concentrations decline according to the drug’s pharmacokinetics profile. Eventually, plasma drug concentrations fall below the minimum effective plasma concentration (MEC), resulting in loss of therapeutic activity. Before this point is reached another dose is usually given if a sustained therapeutic effect is desired. An alternative to administering another dose is to use a dosage form that will provide sustained drug release, and therefore, maintain plasma drug concentrations, beyond what is typically seen using immediate release dosage forms. In recent years, various modified release and/ or the time for drug release.The study was undertaken with an aim to formulate develop and evaluation of Aceclofenac sustained release tablets using different polymers as release retarding agent. Preformulation study of Aceclofenac was done initially and results directed for the further course of formulation. Based on preformulation studies different batches were prepared using selected excipeints. Granules were evaluated for tests LOD, Bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner ratio before being punched as tablets. Tablets were tested for weight variation, thickness, hardness and friability as per official procedure. Dissolution of batch T-8 was carried out in 6.8 pH media and compared with marketed preparation. Based on dissolution tests and F-2 values in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer as release medium, it was concluded that T-8 satisfactory performs in the same manner as that of marketed formulation. F-2 (similarity factor) value of T-6 was found to be 73.90. From the above results and discussion it is concluded that formulation of sustained release tablet of Aceclofenac containing HPMC K 15M & 200 : 23 (in mg) T8 can be taken as an ideal or optimized formulation of sustained release tablets for 24 hour release as it fulfills all the requirements for sustained release tablet and our study encourages for the further clinical trials on this formulation