Ontogeny of a subtidal point bar in the microtidal Venice Lagoon (Italy) revealed by three-dimensional architectural analyses

Sedimentological and architectural features of meandering subtidal channels are relatively unexplored, and their deposits are commonly investigated based on facies models set up for intertidal meandering channels. The Venice Lagoon (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) is affected by a micro-tidal regime and hosts a dense network of active and buried tidal channels. It represents an excellent natural laboratory to improve the current knowledge on subtidal meander morphodynamics and related deposits. In this study, the integration of high-resolution geophysical images and core data allows reconstruction of the architectural three-dimensional model of a meandering subtidal palaeochannel, which is buried below a modern subtidal flat. The study palaeochannel was 35 m wide and 3 m deep, and formed three adjacent meander bends and related point bars. A detailed three-dimensional architectural reconstruction was carried out for deposits associated with one of these meander bends, that was crossed by a minor, low-sinuosity channel with two minor bank-attached bars. This reconstruction highlights that the study point bar has a horseshoe shape, which arose from the onset of bar accretion from an already-sinuous channel. Reconstructed growth stages of the studied bends show that point-bar accretion can follow different styles of planform transformation, also experiencing simultaneously landward (or seaward) deposition according to the dominant flow direction (i.e. local tidal asymmetry). The analyses show that planform transformations occurred in parallel with elevation changes of the related channel thalweg, which shaped pools with geometry varying with the radius of curvature of the bend. The present study highlights the relevance of high-resolution three-dimensional reconstructions to link palaeomorphodynamic processes with related sedimentary products

Entre o Estado multiétnico e as lacunas jurídicas: uma análise da culpabilidade penal do indígena à luz do direito brasileiro

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the formation of the criminal reproach that falls on indigenous defendants in the Brazilian criminal scenario, in order to understand how the legal gaps and assimilationism reminiscent in the current normative order influence the violation of fundamental rights and guarantees of the native peoples. It also seeks to analyze how the indigenous issue is placed in the Federal Constitution of 1988, the Criminal Code and other legal texts, such as Resolutions No. 287/2019 and 454/2022 of the National Council of Justice of Brazil (CNJ), Convention No. 169 of the International Labor Organization, and Law No. 6,001/1973; always tracing parallels between its provisions and the legal-criminal treatment of the indigenous people in Brazil. As elements of the criminal culpability, the imputability, the awareness of illegality and the enforceability of different conduct are explored from the pluri-ethnic paradigm and the respect guaranteed by the Federal Constitution to legal-cultural self-determination. The historical construction of the integrationist ideal, the concepts of non-imputability due to incomplete mental development, civilizing penalization and culturally conditioned error, as well as the sociocultural impact of indigenous imprisonment, were also studied.Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la formación del juicio de desaprobación penal que recae sobre los imputados indígenas en el escenario penal brasileño, con el objetivo de comprender cómo los vacíos legales y el asimilacionismo que recuerdan el orden normativo actual influyen en la violación de los derechos y garantías fundamentales de los pueblos originarios. Además, también busca analizar cómo se ubica la cuestión indígena en la Constitución Federal de 1988, en el Código Penal y otros textos legales, como las Resoluciones nº 287/2019 y 454/2022, del Consejo Nacional de Justicia, Convenio nº 169, de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, y Ley n° 6001/1973; trazando paralelismos entre sus disposiciones y el tratamiento legal y penal de los pueblos indígenas en Brasil. La imputabilidad, la conciencia de ilegalidad y la exigibilidad de conductas diferentes son elementos de la culpabilidad penal explorados desde el paradigma pluriétnico y el respeto que otorga la Carta Magna a la autodeterminación jurídica y cultural. También se desentrañó la construcción histórica del ideal integracionista, los conceptos de inimputabilidad por desarrollo mental incompleto, penalización civilizatoria y error culturalmente condicionado, como el impacto sociocultural del encarcelamiento indígena.O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a formação do juízo de reprovabilidade penal que recai sobre os réus indígenas no cenário criminal brasileiro, visando a compreender de que forma as lacunas jurídicas e o assimilacionismo reminiscentes no ordenamento normativo vigente influem na violação de direito e garantias fundamentais dos povos originários. Também, busca-se analisar como a questão indígena está colocada na Constituição Federal de 1988, no Código Penal e demais textos legais, como as Resoluções n.º 287/2019 e 454/2022, do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, a Convenção n.º 169, da Organização Internacional do Trabalho, e a Lei n.º 6.001/1973; traçando paralelos entre suas disposições e o tratamento jurídico-penal dos indígenas no Brasil. A imputabilidade, a consciência de ilicitude e a exigibilidade de comportamento diverso são elementos da culpabilidade penal explorados a partir do paradigma pluriétnico e do respeito prestado pela Carta Magna à autodeterminação jurídico-cultural. Destrinchou-se, ainda, a construção histórica do ideal integracionista, os conceitos de inimputabilidade por desenvolvimento mental incompleto, penalização civilizatória e erro culturalmente condicionado, tal como o impacto sociocultural do aprisionamento indígena

The nature of the object mediates conscious perception: evidence from reaction time

Humans evolved to find and manipulate food in our environment. Studies have shown faster reaction times (RTs) and better visual attention for food stimuli. The current study investigated if the same is the case when stimuli are presented at the pre-attentive level. Food and No Food images were presented with and without a subliminal technique called b-CFS (breaking- Continuous Flash Suppression). This technique hides the image presented to one eye by distracting the other with a colorful flashing mask (i.e. Mondrian). Consistent with previous reports, an advantage for Food was found but only when the stimuli were presented without the Mondrian (No b-CFS condition). No difference in RT was found in the b-CFS condition. Modern food is complex and variant RT can be modulated by: Manipulability (whether an object can be grasped using a Whole hand grasp vs. Precision grasp) and process state (Nature vs. Processed). Results suggest that the advantage in detecting Food stimuli is only present during conscious perception.NSER

When Bad News Become Good News Towards Usable Instances of Learning with Physical Errors

Hard physical learning problems have been introduced as an alternative option to implement cryptosystems based on hard learning problems. Their high-level idea is to use inexact computing to generate erroneous computations directly, rather than to first compute correctly and add errors afterwards. Previous works focused on the applicability of this idea to the Learning Parity with Noise (LPN) problem as a first step, and formalized it as Learning Parity with Physical Noise (LPPN). In this work, we generalize it to the Learning With Errors (LWE) problem, formalized as Learning With Physical Errors (LWPE). We first show that the direct application of the design ideas used for LPPN prototypes leads to a new source of (mathematical) data dependencies in the error distributions that can reduce the security of the underlying problem. We then show that design tweaks can be used to avoid this issue, making LWPE samples natively robust against such data dependencies. We additionally put forward that these ideas open a quite wide design space that could make hard physical learning problems relevant in various applications. And we conclude by presenting a first prototype FPGA design confirming our claims

When Bad News Become Good News

Hard physical learning problems have been introduced as an alternative option to implement cryptosystems based on hard learning problems. Their high-level idea is to use inexact computing to generate erroneous computations directly, rather than to first compute correctly and add errors afterwards. Previous works focused on the applicability of this idea to the Learning Parity with Noise (LPN) problem as a first step, and formalized it as Learning Parity with Physical Noise (LPPN). In this work, we generalize it to the Learning With Errors (LWE) problem, formalized as Learning With Physical Errors (LWPE). We first show that the direct application of the design ideas used for LPPN prototypes leads to a new source of (mathematical) data dependencies in the error distributions that can reduce the security of the underlying problem. We then show that design tweaks can be used to avoid this issue, making LWPE samples natively robust against such data dependencies. We additionally put forward that these ideas open a quite wide design space that could make hard physical learning problems relevant in various applications. And we conclude by presenting a first prototype FPGA design confirming our claims

New results on Gimli: full-permutation distinguishers and improved collisions

International audienceGimli is a family of cryptographic primitives (both a hash function and an AEAD scheme) that has been selected for the second round of the NIST competition for standardizing new lightweight designs. The candidate Gimli is based on the permutation Gimli, which was presented at CHES 2017. In this paper, we study the security of both the permutation and the constructions that are based on it. We exploit the slow diffusion in Gimli and its internal symmetries to build, for the first time, a distinguisher on the full permutation of complexity 2 64. We also provide a practical distinguisher on 23 out of the full 24 rounds of Gimli that has been implemented. Next, we give (full state) collision and semi-free-start collision attacks on Gimli-Hash, reaching respectively up to 12 and 18 rounds. On the practical side, we compute a collision on 8-round Gimli-Hash. In the quantum setting, these attacks reach 2 more rounds. Finally, we perform the first study of linear trails in the permutation, and we propose differential-linear cryptanalysis that reach up to 17 rounds of Gimli

Variabilità di facies sedimentarie in meandri fluviali e tidali: esempi dai depositi Olocenici della Pianura Veneta

Nelle piane costiere, i depositi di point-bar originati dai canali meandriformi fluviali e tidali ospitano la maggior parte degli acquiferi superficiali, il cui sfruttamento ha contribuito allo sviluppo socioeconomico di queste zone. Tuttavia, lo sfruttamento eccessivo di questi acquiferi insieme all’intensa urbanizzazione ha favorito l'intrusione di acqua marina e la contaminazione degli acquiferi stessi da parte di sostanze inquinanti. Una conoscenza dettagliata dei depositi di point-bar è essenziale per comprendere al meglio il flusso negli acquiferi e per una loro migliore gestione. Attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare che combina analisi statistiche e l’analisi di immagini satellitari, dati sedimentologici e indagini geofisiche, il presente lavoro analizza i depositi olocenici derivanti dall’evoluzione di canali meandriformi fluviali e tidali della Pianura Veneta (Italia). La Pianura Veneta è l’ambiente ideale per studiare questi depositi in quanto consente di combinare lo studio dell’evoluzione in pianta dei meandri con dati di sottosuolo. Le analisi hanno permesso di caratterizzare i depositi di canali meandriformi fluviali e tidali dalla scala della point-bar a quella dell’intero canale e forniscono dati qualitativi e quantitativi per la modellazione del flusso negli acquiferi. In particolare, i risultati: i) hanno contribuito ad arricchire le conoscenze attuali fornendo spunti di riflessione rispetto a quanto descritto finora sull'eterogeneità litologica interna dei depositi di point-bar e sullo sviluppo di meandri a partire da canali rettilinei; ii) hanno permesso di sviluppare un nuovo approccio quantitativo per studiare la variabilità delle proprietà dei sedimenti all'interno dei corpi di point-bar; iii) hanno evidenziato l'impatto che le morfologie della piana alluvionale e le eterogeneità del substrato hanno sull'evoluzione morfodinamica dei fiumi meandriformi.Along the coastal plains, point-bar deposits originating from tidal and fluvial meandering channels host most of the surficial aquifers, which are the major source of groundwater for the socio-economic development of these areas. However, overexploitation of these aquifers has favoured seawater intrusion, and urbanisation has led to pollution of the aquifers. Detailed knowledge of point-bar deposits hosting these aquifers is crucial to gaining a better understanding of subsurface pathways for groundwater flows and providing insights into aquifer management. Through a multidisciplinary approach, which combines remote-sensing analysis, sedimentary-core data, geophysical surveys, literature review, and statistical analyses, the present work analyses Holocene deposits from fluvial and tidal meandering channels of the Venetian Plain (Italy). The Venetian Plain provides a unique setting to study fluvial and tidal meandering channel deposits since commonly allows combining planform evidence with subsurface data. The results allow the characterisation of fluvial and tidal meandering channels from the bar the channel-belt scale and provide qualitative and quantitative data that can fruitfully contribute to model groundwater flows. Specifically, results: i) contribute to enriching current knowledge by providing insights to challenge the paradigms related to the internal lithological heterogeneity of point-bar deposits, along with the development of meander bends from straight channels; ii) allow to set up a new quantitative approach to efficiently study sediment-property variability within point-bar bodies; iii) highlight the impact of floodplain morphologies and substrate heterogeneities on the morphodynamic evolution of meandering rivers