56,336 research outputs found
The Quotient of a Category by the Action of a Monoidal Category
We introduce the notion of the quotient of a category by the action of a unital symmetric monoidal category . The
quotient is a 2-category. We prove its existence and uniqueness by first
showing that every small 2-category has a presentation in terms of generators
and relations and then describing the generators and relations needed for the
quotient
The Geometry of The Entropic Principle and the Shape of the Universe
Ooguri, Vafa, and Verlinde have outlined an approach to two-dimensional
accelerating string cosmology which is based on topological string theory, the
ultimate objective being to develop a string-theoretic understanding of
"creating the Universe from nothing". The key technical idea here is to assign
*two different* Lorentzian spacetimes to a certain Euclidean space. Here we
give a simple framework which allows this to be done in a systematic way. This
framework allows us to extend the construction to higher dimensions. We find
then that the general shape of the spatial sections of the newly created
Universe is constrained by the OVV formalism: the sections have to be flat and
compact.Comment: 24 pages, 4 eps figures, improved exposition of Euclidean/Lorentzian
smoothin
A Holographic Bound on Cosmic Magnetic Fields
Magnetic fields large enough to be observable are ubiquitous in astrophysics,
even at extremely large length scales. This has led to the suggestion that such
fields are seeded at very early (inflationary) times, and subsequently
amplified by various processes involving, for example, dynamo effects. Many
such mechanisms give rise to extremely large magnetic fields at the end of
inflationary reheating, and therefore also during the quark-gluon plasma epoch
of the early universe. Such plasmas have a well-known holographic description
in terms of a thermal asymptotically AdS black hole. We show that holography
imposes an upper bound on the intensity of magnetic fields ( at the hadronization temperature) in these
circumstances; this is above, but not far above, the values expected in some
models of cosmic magnetogenesis.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures, explicit numerical value given for the bound,
improved discussion of implications for superadiabatic amplification, version
to appear in Nucl Phys
Angular Momentum in QGP Holography
The quark chemical potential is one of the fundamental parameters describing
the Quark-Gluon Plasma produced by sufficiently energetic heavy-ion collisions.
It is not large at the extremely high temperatures probed by the LHC, but it
plays a key role in discussions of the beam energy scan programmes at the RHIC
and other facilities. On the other hand, collisions at such energies typically
(that is, in peripheral collisions) give rise to very high values of the
angular momentum density. Here we explain that holographic estimates of the
quark chemical potential of a rotating sample of plasma can be very
considerably improved by taking the angular momentum into account.Comment: 22 pages, 2 figures, version to appear in Nuclear Physics
Certainty, Probability, and Stalin’s Great Party Purge
In 1935, Stalin decided to purge his own party to consolidate power in the Soviet government. Since the inception of historical research about this event, a debate has developed regarding the number of arrests and deaths of Soviets ordered by Stalin. This study will examine the figures calculated by Western historians to determine where correlation and discrepancy exist. The importance of this research is to assess the reasons why such dramatic statistical differences exist among various historians. The historians’ sources show the difficulty of determining accurate figures because of the secretive nature of the Soviet government and only partial opening of Soviet archives
ADVANCING THE SEPARATION SCIENCES THROUGH THE DELIVERY OF NEW MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY.
A thesis and collection of works submitted to Plymouth University in partial fulfilment for the degree of
DOCTOR OF SCIENC
How Does the Quark-Gluon Plasma Know the Collision Energy?
Heavy ion collisions at the LHC facility generate a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP)
which, for central collisions, has a higher energy density and temperature than
the plasma generated in central collisions at the RHIC. But sufficiently
peripheral LHC collisions give rise to plasmas which have the \emph{same}
energy density and temperature as the "central" RHIC plasmas. One might assume
that the two versions of the QGP would have very similar properties (for
example, with regard to jet quenching), but recent investigations have
suggested that \emph{they do not}: the plasma "knows" that the overall
collision energy is different in the two cases. We argue, using a gauge-gravity
analysis, that the strong magnetic fields arising in one case (peripheral
collisions), but not the other, may be relevant here. If the residual magnetic
field in peripheral LHC plasmas is of the order of at least , then the model predicts modifications of the relevant
quenching parameter which approach those recently reported.Comment: 16 pages, one figure; version to appear in Nuclear Physics
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