1,173 research outputs found
Learning as a phenomenon occurring in a critical state
Recent physiological measurements have provided clear evidence about
scale-free avalanche brain activity and EEG spectra, feeding the classical
enigma of how such a chaotic system can ever learn or respond in a controlled
and reproducible way. Models for learning, like neural networks or perceptrons,
have traditionally avoided strong fluctuations. Conversely, we propose that
brain activity having features typical of systems at a critical point,
represents a crucial ingredient for learning. We present here a study which
provides novel insights toward the understanding of the problem. Our model is
able to reproduce quantitatively the experimentally observed critical state of
the brain and, at the same time, learns and remembers logical rules including
the exclusive OR (XOR), which has posed difficulties to several previous
attempts. We implement the model on a network with topological properties close
to the functionality network in real brains. Learning occurs via plastic
adaptation of synaptic strengths and exhibits universal features. We find that
the learning performance and the average time required to learn are controlled
by the strength of plastic adaptation, in a way independent of the specific
task assigned to the system. Even complex rules can be learned provided that
the plastic adaptation is sufficiently slow.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure
Activity-dependent neuronal model on complex networks
Neuronal avalanches are a novel mode of activity in neuronal networks,
experimentally found in vitro and in vivo, and exhibit a robust critical
behaviour: These avalanches are characterized by a power law distribution for
the size and duration, features found in other problems in the context of the
physics of complex systems. We present a recent model inspired in
self-organized criticality, which consists of an electrical network with
threshold firing, refractory period and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.
The model reproduces the critical behaviour of the distribution of avalanche
sizes and durations measured experimentally. Moreover, the power spectra of the
electrical signal reproduce very robustly the power law behaviour found in
human electroencephalogram (EEG) spectra. We implement this model on a variety
of complex networks, i.e. regular, small-world and scale-free and verify the
robustness of the critical behaviour.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure
A preliminary assessment of the effects of migration on the production structure in Europe: A labor task approach
We assess the effect of migration on the production structure in a selection of European countries for the pre-Great Recession period 2001-2009. We propose a labor-task approach where the inflow of migrants raises the relative supply of manual-physical (or simple) tasks and therefore favors simple-task intensive sectors. We use the US O*NET database in conjunction with European labor data to calculate the index of simple-task intensity at the industry and country level. The analysis confirms that a rise in employment migration rates has a generalized positive impact, but that value added increases significantly more in sectors that use more intensively simple tasks. A traditional shift-share instrument is used to overcome possible endogeneity problems
Identifying fiscal shocks and policy regimes in OECD countries
JEL Classification: E62, H30Fiscal Policy, SVAR
Dynamical scaling in branching models for seismicity
We propose a branching process based on a dynamical scaling hypothesis
relating time and mass. In the context of earthquake occurrence, we show that
experimental power laws in size and time distribution naturally originate
solely from this scaling hypothesis. We present a numerical protocol able to
generate a synthetic catalog with an arbitrary large number of events. The
numerical data reproduce the hierarchical organization in time and magnitude of
experimental inter-event time distribution.Comment: 3 figures to appear on Physical Review Letter
Spatial Externalities and Empirical Analysis: The case of Italy
In the last ten years the space issue, i.e. the study of the role played by space in economic phenomena, has attracted a lot of interest from many economic fields. Both the suitability of spatial economics to address questions posed by globalization, and improves in modeling techniques are at the basis of this revolution. The combination of increasing returns, market imperfections, and trade costs creates new forces that, together with factor endowments, determine the distribution of economic activities. These spatial externalities makes agents' location choice highly interdependent, thus allowing to understand the empirical spatial correlation between demand and production previously observed by the market potential literature. Despite their theoretical relevance, there is still little evidence, especially at large scale level, on the effective contribution of this new identified forces to agents' location decisions. The aim of this work is to directly estimate a model of economic geography on some Italian regional data in order to both test the empirical relevance of this theory and try to give a measure of the geographic extent of spatial externalities.Economic Geography; Spatial Externalities; Market Potential
The role of static stress diffusion in the spatio-temporal organization of aftershocks
We investigate the spatial distribution of aftershocks and we find that
aftershock linear density exhibits a maximum, that depends on the mainshock
magnitude, followed by a power law decay. The exponent controlling the
asymptotic decay and the fractal dimensionality of epicenters clearly indicate
triggering by static stress. The non monotonic behavior of the linear density
and its dependence on the mainshock magnitude can be interpreted in terms of
diffusion of static stress. This is supported by the power law growth with
exponent of the average main-aftershock distance. Implementing
static stress diffusion within a stochastic model for aftershock occurrence we
are able to reproduce aftershock linear density spatial decay, its dependence
on the mainshock magnitude and its evolution in time.Comment: 4 figure
Brain modularity controls the critical behavior of spontaneous activity
The human brain exhibits a complex structure made of scale-free highly
connected modules loosely interconnected by weaker links to form a small-world
network. These features appear in healthy patients whereas neurological
diseases often modify this structure. An important open question concerns the
role of brain modularity in sustaining the critical behaviour of spontaneous
activity. Here we analyse the neuronal activity of a model, successful in
reproducing on non-modular networks the scaling behaviour observed in
experimental data, on a modular network implementing the main statistical
features measured in human brain. We show that on a modular network, regardless
the strength of the synaptic connections or the modular size and number,
activity is never fully scale-free. Neuronal avalanches can invade different
modules which results in an activity depression, hindering further avalanche
propagation. Critical behaviour is solely recovered if inter-module connections
are added, modifying the modular into a more random structure.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure
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