Fictitious students creation incentives in school choice problems

We address the question of whether schools can manipulate the student-optimal stable mechanism by creating fictitious students in school choice problems. To this end, we introduce two different manipulation concepts, where one of them is stronger. We first demonstrate that the student-optimal stable mechanism is not even weakly fictitious student-proof under general priority structures. Then, we investigate the same question under acyclic priority structures. We prove that, while the student-optimal stable mechanism is not strongly fictitious student-proof even under the acyclicity condition, weak fictitious student-proofness is achieved under acyclicity. This paper, hence, shows a way to avoid the welfare detrimental fictitious students creation (in the weak sense) in terms of priority structures

Alternative characterizations of Boston mechanism

Kojima and Ünver (2011) are the first to characterize the class of mechanisms coinciding with the Boston mechanism for some priority order. By mildly strengthening their central axiom, we are able to pin down the Boston mechanism outcome for every priority order. Our main result shows that a mechanism is outcome equivalent to the Boston mechanism at every priority if and only if it respects both preference rankings and priorities and satisfies individual rationality for schools. In environments where each student is acceptable to every school, respecting both preference rankings and priorities is enough to characterize the Boston mechanism

Filling position incentives in matching markets

One of the main problems in the hospital-doctor matching is the maldistribution of doctor assignments across hospitals. Namely, many hospitals in rural areas are matched with far fewer doctors than what they need. The so called "Rural Hospital Theorem" (Roth (1984)) reveals that it is unavoidable under stable assignments. On the other hand, the counterpart of the problem in the school choice context|low enrollments at schools| has important consequences for schools as well. In the current study, we approach the problem from a different point of view and investigate whether hospitals can increase their filled positions by misreporting their preferences under well-known Boston, Top Trading Cycles, and stable rules. It turns out that while it is impossible under Boston and stable mechanisms, Top Trading Cycles rule is manipulable in that sense

On the "group non-bossiness" property

We extend the concept of non-bossiness to groups of agents and say that a mechanism is group non-bossy if no group of agents can change the assignment of someone else while theirs being unaffected by misreporting their preferences. First, we show that they are not equivalent properties. We, then, prove that group strategy-proofness is sufficient for group non-bossiness. While this result implies that the top trading cycles mechanism is group non-bossy, it also provides a characterization of the market structures in which the deferred acceptance algorithm is group non-bossy

Cooperation cannot be sustained in a discounted repeated prisoners' dilemma with patient short and long run players

This study presents a modified version of the repeated discounted prisoners' dilemma with long and short-run players. In our setting a short-run player does not observe the history that has occurred before he was born, and survives into next phases of the game with a probability given by the current action profile in the stage game. Thus, even though it is improbable, a short-run player may live and interact with the long-run player for infinitely long amounts of time. In this model we prove that under a mild incentive condition on the stage game payoffs, the cooperative outcome path is not subgame perfect no matter how patient the players are. Moreover with an additional technical assumption aimed to provide a tractable analysis, we also show that payoffs arbitrarily close to that of the cooperative outcome path, cannot be obtained in equilibrium even with patient players

A PSYCHOSOCIAL ANALYSIS ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF EDUCATION AND OTHER AREAS OF LIFE WITH SPORTS

What is life? Life is the process between birth and death. This process, which is also accepted as the state of being alive, contains many parts. These parts are called life. Life encompasses one's experiences of the conditions that one encounters. These lives are interrelated. The longer and more harmonious these relationships are, the higher and more balanced the person's quality of life will be. For this, education and learning methods with scientific and philosophical foundations should be used. One of the parts of life in life is sports. Therefore, in this study, the subjects of morality, right, mistake, education, professionalism, health, mentality and economy in life will be associated with sports. Because sports is a human right that emerged from basic needs, it is associated with many areas of life. For this reason, some concepts that express our lives and the conditions we live in will be tried to be associated with sports. In this descriptive study, document analysis was carried out. The collected data were blended from sources in different fields such as education, sociology, psychology, education and philosophy. It is thought that this study, which is one of the rare studies on the subject, will be an example for similar studies to be done in the future

When manipulations are harm[less]ful?

We say that a mechanism is harmless if no student can ever misreport his preferences so that he does not hurt but someone else. We consider a large class of rules which includes the Boston, the agent-proposing deferred acceptance, and the school-proposing deferred acceptance mechanisms (sDA). In this large class, the sDA happens to the unique harmless mechanism. We next provide two axiomatic characterizations of the sDA. First, the sDA is the unique stable, non-bossy, and independent of irrelevant student mechanism. The last axiom is a weak variant of consistency. As harmlessness implies non bossiness, the sDA is also the unique stable, harmless, and independent of irrelevant student mechanism

Investigation of pre-service science teachers’ behavior towards sustainable environmental education

The purpose of this study is to investigate pre-service science teachers’ sustainable environmental education behaviour and the factors affecting them in terms of some variables (gender and grade level). The study group of the current research is comprised of 206 pre-service teachers attending the Department of Science Education in the Faculty of Education of Kırsehir Ahi Evran University. The study employed the descriptive survey method, one of the quantitative research methods. As the data collection tool, “The Sustainable Environmental Education Behavior Scale” developed by Demirci Güler and Afacan (2012) was used in the study. The calculated Cronbach alpha value of the scale was found to be α=0.90. In the statistical analysis of the data, SPSS was used. In the analysis of the data, Independent Samples t-Test and One Way ANOVA were run. It was found that the pre-service science teachers’ scores of behavior towards sustainable environmental education do not vary significantly by gender. In addition, a significant difference was found between the 2nd and 3rd grade pre-service science teachers’ average scores in favor of 2nd grade in the Environment-Friendly and Recyclable Products sub-factor of the scale. © 2020, International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education. All rights reserved

Abdominal Trauma

Abdominal injuries may be life threatening and should be approached cautiously. After trauma, the abdomen may be sanctuary for occult bleeding that, if not discovered and corrected expeditiously, may lead to deleterious consequences. Patients with abdominal trauma should have rapid assessment, stabilization, and early surgical consultation to maximize the chances of a successful outcome. Deaths from abdominal trauma result principally from hemorrhage or sepsis. Most deaths from abdominal trauma are preventable. Patients at risk of abdominal injury should undergo prompt and thorough evaluation. In some cases, dramatic physical findings may be due to abdominal wall injury in the absence of intraperitoneal injury. If the results of diagnostic studies are equivocal, diagnostic laparoscopy or exploratory laparotomy should be considered, since they may be lifesaving if serious injuries are identified early