Selectivity of DNA polymerases toward α and β nucleotide substrates of d and l series

AbstractThe substrate properties of four carbocyclic d and l nucleoside 5′-triphosphate analogs toward HIV and AMV reverse transcriptases and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase were evaluated. The compounds of the d-β and l-β series were found to be terminating substrates for these enzymes, while the derivatives of the d-α and l-α series were recognized only by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, suggesting that for the template-independent enzyme the mutual orientation of the two fragments is of no significance. A hypothesis for binding of nucleotides to the DNA polymerase active center was proposed

Gamification Elements and Their Perception by Different Gamer Types

Gamification is being applied more and more to information systems. Many developers apply similar strategies for the gamification of tasks. A benchmark conducted in 22 mobile apps containing gamification elements showed reward points as the most frequent design element. In a pilot user experiment, we analyzed the user perception of three gamification elements including reward points in the context of project management. Reward points are seen as motivating; in contrast a leader board was viewed more critically. It was shown that the judgment of elements depends on the game personality type. The gamer type Killer had a medium and significant correlation with a positive evaluation of the gaming elements. Only the gamer type Achiever had a positive and significant correlation with a positive judgment of rewards points