3,991 research outputs found
Splash wave and crown breakup after disc impact on a liquid surface
In this paper we analyze the impact of a circular disc on a free surface
using experiments, potential flow numerical simulations and theory. We focus
our attention both on the study of the generation and possible breakup of the
splash wave created after the impact and on the calculation of the force on the
disc. We have experimentally found that drops are only ejected from the rim
located at the top part of the splash --giving rise to what is known as the
crown splash-- if the impact Weber number exceeds a threshold value
\Weber_{crit}\simeq 140. We explain this threshold by defining a local Bond
number based on the rim deceleration and its radius of curvature,
with which we show using both numerical simulations and experiments that a
crown splash only occurs when , revealing that the rim
disrupts due to a Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Neglecting the effect of air, we
show that the flow in the region close to the disc edge possesses a
Weber-number-dependent self-similar structure for every Weber number. From this
we demonstrate that \Bond_{tip}\propto\Weber, explaining both why the
transition to crown splash can be characterized in terms of the impact Weber
number and why this transition occurs for .
Next, including the effect of air, we have developed a theory which predicts
the time-varying thickness of the very thin air cushion that is entrapped
between the impacting solid and the liquid. Our analysis reveals that gas
critically affect the velocity of propagation of the splash wave as well as the
time-varying force on the disc, . The existence of the air layer also
limits the range of times in which the self-similar solution is valid and,
accordingly, the maximum deceleration experienced by the liquid rim, what sets
the length scale of the splash drops ejected when We>\Weber_{crit}
Corrections to: \'Constrained normalization of Hamiltonian systems and perturbed Keplerian motion\'
Consider a Hamiltonian system (H, 2n ,). LetM be a symplectic submanifold of (2n ,). The system (H, 2n ,) constrained toM is (HM, M, M). In this paper we give an algorithm which normalizes the system on 2n in such a way that restricted toM we have normalized the constrained system. This procedure is then applied to perturbed Kepler systems such as the lunar problem and the main problem of artificial satellite theory. Wir betrachten ein Hamiltonisches System (H, 2n ,). SeiMein symplectisches Submanifold von (2n ,). Das System (H, 2n ,), aufM beschränkt, ist (HM,M,M). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Algorithmus vorgeschlagen, der dieses System so auf 2n normalisiert, daß das aufM beschränkte System auch normalisiert ist. Dieser Algorithmus wird dann auf gestörte Keplersysteme, wie z. B. das Hill-sche Mondproblem und das Hauptproblem der Theorie der künstlichen Satelliten, angewendet
In vitro proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes from murine and human bone marrow
Contains fulltext :
4339.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access
Acting on an environmental health disaster: the case of the Aral Sea.
The Aral Sea area in Central Asia has been encountering one of the world's greatest environmental disasters for more than 15 years. During that time, despite many assessments and millions of dollars spent by large, multinational organizations, little has changed. The 5 million people living in this neglected and virtually unknown part of the world are suffering not only from an environmental catastrophe that has no easy solutions but also from a litany of health problems. The region is often dismissed as a chronic problem where nothing positive can be achieved. Within this complicated context, Medecins Sans Frontieres, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999, is actively trying to assess the impact of the environmental disaster on human health to help the people who live in the Aral Sea area cope with their environment. Medecins Sans Frontieres has combined a direct medical program to improve the health of the population while conducting operational research to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the environmental disaster and human health outcomes. In this paper we explore the health situation of the region and the broader policy context in which it is situated, and present some ideas that could potentially be applied to many other places in the world that are caught up in environmental and human health disasters
A Study of the Coronal Plasma in RS CVn binary systems
XMM-Newton has been performing comprehensive studies of X-ray bright RS CVn
binaries in its Calibration and Guaranteed Time programs. We present results
from ongoing investigations in the context of a systematic study of coronal
emission from RS CVns. We concentrate in this paper on coronal abundances and
investigate the abundance pattern in RS CVn binaries as a function of activity
and average temperature. A transition from an Inverse First Ionization
Potential (FIP) effect towards an absence of a clear trend is found in
intermediately active RS CVn systems. This scheme corresponds well into the
long-term evolution from an IFIP to a FIP effect found in solar analogs. We
further study variations in the elemental abundances during a large flare.Comment: to appear in The Twelfth Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun,
eds. A. Brown, T.R. Ayres, G.M. Harper, (Boulder: Univ. of Colorado), in
pres
Poincar\'{e} cycle of a multibox Ehrenfest urn model with directed transport
We propose a generalized Ehrenfest urn model of many urns arranged
periodically along a circle. The evolution of the urn model system is governed
by a directed stochastic operation. Method for solving an -ball, -urn
problem of this model is presented. The evolution of the system is studied in
detail. We find that the average number of balls in a certain urn oscillates
several times before it reaches a stationary value. This behavior seems to be a
peculiar feature of this directed urn model. We also calculate the Poincar\'{e}
cycle, i.e., the average time interval required for the system to return to its
initial configuration. The result can be easily understood by counting the
total number of all possible microstates of the system.Comment: 10 pages revtex file with 7 eps figure
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