1,425 research outputs found
Simplex solid states of SU(N) quantum antiferromagnets
I define a set of wavefunctions for SU(N) lattice antiferromagnets, analogous
to the valence bond solid states of Affleck, Kennedy, Lieb, and Tasaki (AKLT),
in which the singlets are extended over N-site simplices. As with the valence
bond solids, the new simplex solid (SS) states are extinguished by certain
local projection operators, allowing us to construct Hamiltonians with local
interactions which render the SS states exact ground states. Using a coherent
state representation, we show that the quantum correlations in each SS state
are calculable as the finite temperature correlations of an associated
classical model, with N-spin interactions, on the same lattice. In three and
higher dimensions, the SS states can spontaneously break SU(N) and exhibit
N-sublattice long-ranged order, as a function of a discrete parameter which
fixes the local representation of SU(N). I analyze this transition using a
classical mean field approach. For N>2 the ordered state is selected via an
"order by disorder" mechanism. As in the AKLT case, the bulk representations
fractionalize at an edge, and the ground state entropy is proportional to the
volume of the boundary.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, minor typos correcte
Evaluation of Three Rapid Tests for Diagnosis of P. Falciparum and P. Vivax Malaria in Colombia.
The diagnostic capacity of three malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), NOW-Malaria-ICT, OptiMAL-IT, and Paracheck-Pf, was evaluated against expert microscopy in Colombia. We tested 896 patients, of whom microscopy confirmed 139 P. falciparum, 279 P. vivax, and 13 mixed P.f/P.v infections and 465 negatives. Paracheck-Pf and NOW-malaria-ICT were more accurate in detecting P. falciparum (sensitivities 90.8% and 90.1%, respectively) in comparison with Optimal-IT (83.6%). NOW showed an acceptable Pf detection rate at low densities (< 500/microL), but resulted in a higher proportion of false positives. For P. vivax diagnosis, Optimal-IT had a higher sensitivity than NOW (91.0% and 81.4%, respectively). The choice between the two Pf/Pv detecting RDTs balances P. falciparum and P. vivax detection rates. Considering some degree of P. falciparum overtreatment and failure to detect all P. vivax cases as more acceptable than missing some cases of P. falciparum, we recommend careful implementation of NOW-malaria-ICT in areas where microscopy is lacking. The price is however still a constraint
Unraveling DNA tori under tension
Motivated by recent experiments, we develop a model for DNA toroids under
external tension. We find that tori are the equilibrium states for our model up
to a critical tension, above which they become only metstable. Above this
tension, we find a cascade of transitions between discrete toroid states that
successively lowers the winding number, until the ground state (rod) is
reached. In this process, this model predicts a nearly constant force plateau
as a function of extension, in agreement with experiment.Comment: 9 pages, 11 figure
ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π³Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 1,2-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ», ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ², Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ (Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π½, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ (Π³Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½, 1,2-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ») ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ.
Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
-ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°
ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π+ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΡΠΏΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ 0,45β0,9% NaCl. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
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ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π³Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 1,2-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ» (1,2-ΠΠ) Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ 5%. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π½Π°
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ², Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
-Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΡΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ (Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π½, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ) Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ (Π³Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½, 1,2-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ») ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ,
ΡΠΎ Π² Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
-Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π·ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Π+ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ 0,45β0,9% NaCl. ΠΠ»Ρ Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
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Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ³ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ Π°Π±ΠΎ 1,2-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ» Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ 5%. ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ
Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ
Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ³ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ.The osmotic properties of erythrocytes frozen-thawed in combined cryopreservatives, containing polymeric non-penetrating
(dextran, polyethylene glycol) and penetrating (glycerol, 1,2-propane diol) cryoprotectants were studied. It was established that in
erythrocytes frozen-thawed in the presence of polymers the increasing of H+ ion flow rate and osmotic fragility in the environment
with 0.45β0.9% NaCl was observed. It is sufficient to add 5% glycerol or 1,2-propane diol (1,2-PD) to the medium to preserve
osmotic properties of frozen-thawed cells. The obtained results enable to suggest that cryoprotective efficiency of combined
cryopreservatives, containing non-penetrating and penetrating cryoprotectants is determined both by the contribution of cryoprotective
components differing by action mechanism into th
Endoscopic tri-modal imaging for surveillance in ulcerative colitis: randomised comparison of high-resolution endoscopy and autofluorescence imaging for neoplasia detection; and evaluation of narrow-band imaging for classification of lesions
Background: Endoscopic tri-modal imaging (ETMI) incorporates white light endoscopy (WLE), autofluorescence imaging (AFI) and narrow-band imaging (NBI). Aims: To assess the value of ETMI for the detection and classification of neoplasia in patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis. Design: Randomised comparative trial of tandem colonoscopies. Setting: Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Netherlands. Patients and methods: Fifty patients with ulcerative colitis underwent surveillance colonoscopy with ETMI. Each colonic segment was inspected twice, once with AFI and once with WLE, in random order. All detected lesions were inspected by NBI for Kudo pit pattern analysis and additional random biopsies were taken. Main outcome measures: Neoplasia miss-rates of AFI and WLE, and accuracy of the Kudo classification by NBI. Results: Among patients assigned to inspection with AFI first (n = 25), 10 neoplastic lesions were primarily detected. Subsequent WLE detected no additional neoplasia. Among patients examined with WLE first (n = 25), three neoplastic lesions were detected; subsequent inspection with AFI added three neoplastic lesions. Neoplasia miss-rates for AFI and WLE were 0% and 50% (p = 0.036). The Kudo classification by NBI had a sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 81%; however, all neoplasia was coloured purple on AFI (sensitivity 100%). No additional patients with neoplasia were detected by random biopsies. Conclusion: Autofluorescence imaging improves the detection of neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and decreases the yield of random biopsies. Pit pattern analysis by NBI has a moderate accuracy for the prediction of histology, whereas AFI colour appears valuable in excluding the presence of neoplasia. Trial registration number: ISRCTN0527274
Geographical distribution of selected and putatively neutral SNPs in Southeast Asian malaria parasites.
Loci targeted by directional selection are expected to show elevated geographical population structure relative to neutral loci, and a flurry of recent papers have used this rationale to search for genome regions involved in adaptation. Studies of functional mutations that are known to be under selection are particularly useful for assessing the utility of this approach. Antimalarial drug treatment regimes vary considerably between countries in Southeast Asia selecting for local adaptation at parasite loci underlying resistance. We compared the population structure revealed by 10 nonsynonymous mutations (nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms [nsSNPs]) in four loci that are known to be involved in antimalarial drug resistance, with patterns revealed by 10 synonymous mutations (synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms [sSNPs]) in housekeeping genes or genes of unknown function in 755 Plasmodium falciparum infections collected from 13 populations in six Southeast Asian countries. Allele frequencies at known nsSNPs underlying resistance varied markedly between locations (F(ST) = 0.18-0.66), with the highest frequencies on the Thailand-Burma border and the lowest frequencies in neighboring Lao PDR. In contrast, we found weak but significant geographic structure (F(ST) = 0-0.14) for 8 of 10 sSNPs. Importantly, all 10 nsSNPs showed significantly higher F(ST) (P < 8 x 10(-5)) than simulated neutral expectations based on observed F(ST) values in the putatively neutral sSNPs. This result was unaffected by the methods used to estimate allele frequencies or the number of populations used in the simulations. Given that dense single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps and rapid SNP assay methods are now available for P. falciparum, comparing genetic differentiation across the genome may provide a valuable aid to identifying parasite loci underlying local adaptation to drug treatment regimes or other selective forces. However, the high proportion of polymorphic sites that appear to be under balancing selection (or linked to selected sites) in the P. falciparum genome violates the central assumption that selected sites are rare, which complicates identification of outlier loci, and suggests that caution is needed when using this approach
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