Структура кредитной политики коммерческого банка

В статье раскрывается структура кредитной политики коммерческого банка

Narcolepsy, driving and traffic safety

Driving performance in narcolepsy patients is often affected. This is predominantly caused by excessive daytime sleepiness and disturbed vigilance. To a lesser extent cataplexy and sleep paralysis may play a role as well. This chapter discusses experimental studies assessing driving performance in both treated and untreated patients with narcolepsy. Driving simulator studies, on-road tests in actual traffic, and psychological test batteries show that untreated narcolepsy may significantly impair driving ability and increase the risk of becoming involved in traffic accidents. However, much more research is needed to evaluate the effects of narcolepsy treatment on driving in normal traffic, and epidemiological data on traffic accident risks should be gathered. Relatively few studies have been performed to examine effects of narcolepsy treatment on driving ability. Up to now driving improvement has been demonstrated in patients who are successfully treated with methamphetamine and modafinil. Future driving studies should examine the effect of other treatment options

Взаимовлияние валютного курса и платежного баланса в Украине

Цель статьи - выявить основные каналы взаимовлияния валютного курса и платежного баланса для определения наиболее подходящей модели валютного регулирования в Украине

Antihistamines and driving ability: Evidence from 30 years Dutch on-road driving research

Background: Since all antihistamines are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, they may also cause sedation which may impair daily activities such as driving a car. The purpose of this review was to examine the effects of antihistamines on driving ability. Method: A literature search revealed 18 double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials that applied the on-road highway driving test. In this test, subjects are instructed to drive 100-km on a public highway with a steady lateral position and a constant speed (95 km/h). Primary outcome measure is the Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP, cm), i.e. the weaving of the car. Results: The literature search yielded 18 clinical trials. At therapeutic doses, a single dose of diphenhydramine, emedastine and hydroxizine impaired driving comparable or greater than the effects of BAC 0.08%. Clemastine, triprolidine, mizolastine, acrivastine, dexchlorpheniramine CR and mequitazine impaired driving performance to the same extent as BAC 0.05%. For mizolastine significant impairment was only seen after higher than therapeutic doses. Results for cetirizine were mixed, illustrating the drug has the potential to impair driving performance, especially in sensitive subjects. Terfenadine, loratadine, levocetirizine, desloratadine, ebastine, bilastine fexofenadine and rupatadine showed no driving impairment in the standard driving test after acute administration of their recommended dose. Several studies examined subchronic effects of antihistamines on driving performance. After 4 days of daily treatment significant driving impairment was found for emedastine (2 and 4 mg bid), diphenhydramine (50 mg), clemastine (2 mg bid), triprolidine (5 mg bid), after 5 days of ebastine (30 mg), and after 8 days of hydroxyzine (50 mg). Mixed results were found for cetirizine (10 mg), terfenadine (120 mg) and loratadine (20 mg). No significant differences from placebo were observed after 4 days of subchronic treatment with triprolidine (10 mg), levocetirizine (5 mg), fexofenadine (up to 120 mg), and after 8 days of daily treatment with dexchlorpheniramine (6 mg), bilastine (20 and 40 mg), and mequitazine (10 mg). Conclusion: First- and second-generation antihistamines may significantly impair driving performance. The newer antihistamines such as levocetirizine and fexofenadine that cross to blood brain barrier to a much lesser degree do not show clinically relevant sedation or driving impairment

Op zoek naar de biomarkers van de kater

De alcoholkater wordt gedefinieerd als de combinatie van mentale en fysieke symptomen die ervaren worden de dag na een stevige drinksessie, die start wanneer de bloedalcoholconcentratie de nulwaarde nadert. Dit artikel betreft een naturalistisch opgezet onderzoek naar de samenhang tussen de ernst van de alcoholkater en mogelijke biomarkers voor een alcoholkater, namelijk de urineconcentraties van ethanol, methanol, ethylglucuronide (EtG) en ethylsulfaat (EtS). Aan dit onderzoek deden 36 gezonde sociale drinkers mee (18 katersensitieve en 18 katerresistente drinkers). Van alle deelnemers werden op een postalcoholdag en op de controledag de urineconcentraties van ethanol, methanol, EtG en EtS bepaald. Deelnemers konden zelf hun controledag en postalcoholdag bepalen, evenals de hoeveelheid alcohol die zij consumeerden. Vervolgens is de correlatie tussen de urineconcentratie en de ernst van de alcoholkater berekend en gescoord op een schaal van 0 (afwezig) tot 10 (extreem erg). De correlatie tussen de ernst van de alcoholkater en de urineconcentraties waren niet significant. Wel correleerden de ethanol-urineconcentraties significant met de ernst van de alcoholkater. Verder onderzoek is nodig naar de pathologie van de alcoholkater en mogelijke biomarkers die significant correleren met de ernst van de kater

Op zoek naar de biomarkers van de kater

De alcoholkater wordt gedefinieerd als de combinatie van mentale en fysieke symptomen die ervaren worden de dag na een stevige drinksessie, die start wanneer de bloedalcoholconcentratie de nulwaarde nadert. Dit artikel betreft een naturalistisch opgezet onderzoek naar de samenhang tussen de ernst van de alcoholkater en mogelijke biomarkers voor een alcoholkater, namelijk de urineconcentraties van ethanol, methanol, ethylglucuronide (EtG) en ethylsulfaat (EtS). Aan dit onderzoek deden 36 gezonde sociale drinkers mee (18 katersensitieve en 18 katerresistente drinkers). Van alle deelnemers werden op een postalcoholdag en op de controledag de urineconcentraties van ethanol, methanol, EtG en EtS bepaald. Deelnemers konden zelf hun controledag en postalcoholdag bepalen, evenals de hoeveelheid alcohol die zij consumeerden. Vervolgens is de correlatie tussen de urineconcentratie en de ernst van de alcoholkater berekend en gescoord op een schaal van 0 (afwezig) tot 10 (extreem erg). De correlatie tussen de ernst van de alcoholkater en de urineconcentraties waren niet significant. Wel correleerden de ethanol-urineconcentraties significant met de ernst van de alcoholkater. Verder onderzoek is nodig naar de pathologie van de alcoholkater en mogelijke biomarkers die significant correleren met de ernst van de kater

Time-dependent changes in saliva cytokine concentrations during alcohol hangover: A comparison of two naturalistic studies

Purpose: A role of the immune system in the pathology of alcohol hangover has been proposed, and previous research have shown changes in serum cytokine concentrations during alcohol hangover relative to a control alcohol-free day. The current analyses compare determinations of saliva cytokine concentrations during alcohol hangover and a control day, conducted at different times after stopping alcohol consumption. Methods: Two naturalistic studies were conducted in social drinkers aged 18-35 years old. The first study (N = 36) collected saliva samples approximately 9 h after stopping alcohol consumption. The second study (N = 119) collected saliva samples approximately 13 h after stopping alcohol consumption. In both studies, saliva cytokine concentrations of IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α were determined on the hangover and control day. Results: Nine hours after stopping alcohol consumption (Study 1), relative to the control day, significant increases in IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α concentrations were observed. In contrast, 13 h after stopping alcohol consumption (Study 2), relative to the control day, significant decreases in IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α concentrations were observed. In both studies, changes in saliva cytokine concentrations were not significantly correlated with the amount of alcohol consumed. Whereas 13 h after stopping alcohol consumption (study 2) changes in saliva concentrations of some cytokines (i.e. levels of IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF) were significantly negatively correlated with hangover severity. Discussion: The data suggest that the being in the alcohol hangover state is associated with changes in immune reactivity. As the direction of the changes in saliva cytokine concentrations seems time-dependent, to better understand this association, additional research is necessary, assessing immune biomarkers throughout the day