A Quantitative Exploration of Two Teachers with Contrasting Emotions: Intra-Individual Process Analyses of Physiology and Interpersonal Behavior

Although the association between teacher-student relations, teacher emotions, and burnout has been proven on a general level, we do not know the exact processes underlying these associations. Recently there has been a call for intra-individual process measures that assess what happens from moment-to-moment in class in order to better understand inter-individual differences in emotions and burnout between teachers. This paper explored the use of process measures of teachers’ heart rate and their interpersonal behavior during teaching. Our aim was to illustrate different ways of analyzing and combining physiological and observational time-series data and to explore their potential for understanding between-teacher differences. In this illustration, we focused on two teachers who represented contrasting cases in terms of their self-reported teaching-related emotions (i.e., anxiety and relaxation) and burnout. We discuss both univariate process analyses (i.e., trend, autocorrelation, stability) as well as state-of-the-art multivariate process analyses (i.e., cross-correlations, dynamic structural equation modeling). Results illustrate how the two teachers differed in the nature of their physiological responses, their interpersonal behavior, and the association between these two process measures over time. Along implications and suggestions for further research, it is discussed how the process-based, dynamic assessment of physiology and interpersonal behavior may ultimately help to understand differences in more general teaching-related emotions and burnout

Excitonic quasiparticles in a spin-orbit Mott insulator

In condensed matter systems, out of a large number of interacting degrees of freedom emerge weakly coupled particles, in terms of which most physical properties are described. For example, Landau quasiparticles (QP) determine all electronic properties of a normal metal. The lack of identification of such QPs is major barrier for understanding myriad exotic properties of correlated electrons, such as unconventional superconductivity and non-Fermi liquid behaviours. Here, we report the observation of a composite particle in a Mott insulator Sr2IrO4---and exciton dressed with magnons---that propagates with the canonical characteristics of a QP: a finite QP residue and a lifetime longer than the hopping time scale. The dynamics of this charge-neutral bosonic excitation mirrors the fundamental process of the analogous one-hole propagation in the background of ordered spins, for which a well-defined QP has never been observed. The much narrower linewidth of the exciton reveals the same intrinsic dynamics that is obscured for the hole and is intimately related to the mechanism of high temperature superconductivity.Comment: submitted versio

Некоторые робастные решения в условиях риска и неопределенности

Обсуждаются проблемы построения робастных решений в условиях риска и неопределенности. Рассматриваются две модели распределения средств для минимизации потенциальных рисков. Проблемы поиска их робастных решений сведены к соответствующим задачам линейного программирования.Обговорюються проблеми побудови робастних рішень в умовах ризику та невизначеності. Розглядаються дві моделі розподілу коштів для мінімізації потенційних ризиків. Проблеми пошуку їх робастних рішень зведено до відповідних задач лінійного програмування.Problems of constructing robust decisions in conditions of risk and uncertainty are discussed. Two fund distribution models for minimization of potential risks are considered. Problems of searching their robust decisions are reduced to appropriate linear programming problems

When closeness is effortful: Teachers’ physiological activation undermines positive effects of their closeness on student emotions

Background: Student perceptions of teachers’ interpersonal closeness positively affect their emotions. If closeness is, however, effortful for the teacher (i.e., emotional labour, signalling less genuine closeness), this may undermine these positive effects. We tested this assumption by using student reports and external observations of teacher closeness and ambulant measures of teacher heart rate, to gauge teachers’ physiological effort connected to being close during class. Aims: We investigated the association between teachers’ physiological effort connected to closeness and students’ lesson-focused emotions. Sample: 75 teachers and their students (N = 1645) participated during one real-life lesson. Methods: Teacher interpersonal closeness was continuously coded based on a video recording and teachers’ heart rate was measured continuously as an indicator of physiological effort. Students reported their emotions and perception of teacher closeness at the end of the lesson. Results: Multilevel models with student emotions as DVs and students’ perceptions of teacher warmth (L1 predictor) and teachers’ physiological effort when being close (i.e., an intra-individual cross-correlation, L2 predictor) were tested. As expected, students reported more positive and less negative emotions when they perceived more teacher closeness. The physiological effort connected to being close was not directly associated with student emotions; however, such effort moderated the effect of perceived closeness, especially with regard to negative student emotions (i.e., cross-level interactions). The more effortful teacher closeness was, the less closeness protected students from negative emotions. Conclusions: In line with extant research on faking enjoyment and emotional labour, students seemed to be affected when teacher closeness was physiologically effortful, and overall positive effects of teacher closeness were undermined

Crystal field splitting and correlation effect on the electronic structure of A2IrO3

The electronic structure of the honeycomb lattice iridates Na2IrO3 and Li2IrO3 has been investigated using resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS). Crystal-field split d-d excitations are resolved in the high-resolution RIXS spectra. In particular, the splitting due to non-cubic crystal fields, derived from the splitting of j_eff=3/2 states, is much smaller than the typical spin-orbit energy scale in iridates, validating the applicability of j_eff physics in A2IrO3. We also find excitonic enhancement of the particle-hole excitation gap around 0.4 eV, indicating that the nearest-neighbor Coulomb interaction could be large. These findings suggest that both Na2IrO3 and Li2IrO3 can be described as spin-orbit Mott insulators, similar to the square lattice iridate Sr2IrO4

Thermal stability and electronic and magnetic properties of atomically thin 2D transition metal oxides

© The Author(s) 2019. Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal oxides (TMOs) are an emerging class of nanomaterials. Using density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, we carried out a systematic study of atomically thin metal oxide phases with compositions MO, M2O3, and MO2, for transition metal elements Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Mn. We identified nine thermally stable structures that may be realized as free-standing nanosheets: hexagonal h-Sc2O3, h-V2O3, and h-Mn2O3; hexagonal t-VO, t-CrO, and t-MnO; and square sq-TiO, sq-VO, and sq-MnO. The t-MO phases are novel hexagonal structures which emerged naturally from phase transformations observed during AIMD simulations. The 2D TMOs were found to exhibit a wide range of remarkable electronic and magnetic properties, indicating that they are bright candidates for electronic and spintronic applications. Most exceptional in this regard is h-V2O3, that is the only phase that has been experimentally realized so far, and was found to be a ferromagnetic half-metal with Dirac-cone-like bands.This project is financially supported by the Dutch science foundation NWO via a VIDI grant (grant no. 723.012.006) and by the European Research Council through an ERC Consolidator Grant (grant no. 683076). This work was carried out on the Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative and NWO Rekentijd (grant no. 16905)