Дефініції поняття “інтеграція” та його ролі в конкурентному ринковому процесі

Метою даної роботи є дослідження дефініцій розуміння інтеграційних процесів в аграрній сфері та їх ролі в конкурентному економічному середовищі

The Prevalence of CD146 Expression in Breast Cancer Subtypes and Its Relation to Outcome

CD146, involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), might affect cancer aggressiveness. We here investigated the prevalence of CD146 expression in breast cancer subtypes, its relation to prognosis, the relation between CD146 and EMT and the outcome to tamoxifen. Primary breast cancer tissues from 1342 patients were available for this retrospective study and immunohistochemically stained for CD146. For survival analyses, pure prognosis was studied by only including lymph-node negative patients who did not receive (neo)adjuvant systemic treatment (n = 551). 11% of the tumors showed CD146 expression. CD146 expression was most prevalent in triple-negative cases (64%, p < 0.001). In univariable analysis, CD146 expression was a prognostic factor for both metastasis-free survival (MFS) (p = 0.020) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.037), but not in multivariable analysis (including age, tumor size, grade, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and Ki-67). No correlation between CD146 and EMT nor difference in outcome to first-line tamoxifen was seen. In this large series, our data showed that CD146 is present in primary breast cancer and is a pure prognostic factor for MFS and OS in breast cancer patients. We did not see an association between CD146 expression and EMT nor on outcome to tamoxifen

Interfering orogenic processes derived from Alps-Adria interactions

Across the world we observe spectacular mountain belts that formed as a result of two colliding plates. Frequently this process is disturbed by the influence of neighbouring geological processes, such as the formation of adjacent mountain belts, adding significant kinematic and geometric complexities to the collisional systems. To understand the relative contributions of the processes involved it is essential to identify the individual interfering processes and to quantify their influence on the evolution of the mountain system. The Eastern Alps (Europe) is such a complex mountain belt and is the prime target of this research with particular interest in the transitions to the neighbouring Dinaric mountain belt and the Pannonian Basin. These transitions provide a unique opportunity to unravel the effects of interfering tectonic processes based on field studies, low temperature geochronology and physical analogue modelling. The geological evolution of the Eastern Alps and Dinarides is largely related to the motion of the African continental plate towards the European plate, with the microcontinent Adria located in between the two. The plate motion of the latter plays a key role in driving the deformation of the Eastern Alps as well as the Dinaric mountain chain. With respect to the Eastern Alps the Adriatic plate is traditionally viewed as a bulldozer that deforms, uplifts and laterally displaces the Eastern Alps. However, we show that these geological processes are also compatible with a tectonic scenario in which the Adriatic plate subducts below the Alps. The subduction also provides a crucial mechanism to create the formation of the Southern Alps, which affects at the same time the geological evolution of the northern Dinarides. The experimental results also strongly suggest that the geological evolution of the Eastern Alps during the last 30 Ma is best explained by phases of oblique and subsequent orthogonal Alps-Adria convergence. This has led to the characteristic deformation patterns of the Eastern Alps: significant crustal thickening in the west and dominant lateral displacements of crustal units in the east. These differences in deformation style are confirmed by our new field observations and low temperature age data which also emphasize a tectonic link to the contemporaneous opening of the Pannonian Basin and associated extension. The data thereby disclose that the coeval collision and extension is critical for the rapid exhumation of metamorphosed rocks around 17 Ma at the transition from the Alps to the Dinarides. At the same time, a recorded phase of accelerated uplift during the last 10 Ma is rather related to the absence of extension in combination with ongoing Alps-Adria collision and deep seated processes. The integrated results of this thesis demonstrate that subduction/collision processes related to Alps-Adria convergence are strongly influenced by neighbouring and far-fielded processes, which has significant implications for the structural and topographic evolution of the studied region

Interfering orogenic processes derived from Alps-Adria interactions

Across the world we observe spectacular mountain belts that formed as a result of two colliding plates. Frequently this process is disturbed by the influence of neighbouring geological processes, such as the formation of adjacent mountain belts, adding significant kinematic and geometric complexities to the collisional systems. To understand the relative contributions of the processes involved it is essential to identify the individual interfering processes and to quantify their influence on the evolution of the mountain system. The Eastern Alps (Europe) is such a complex mountain belt and is the prime target of this research with particular interest in the transitions to the neighbouring Dinaric mountain belt and the Pannonian Basin. These transitions provide a unique opportunity to unravel the effects of interfering tectonic processes based on field studies, low temperature geochronology and physical analogue modelling. The geological evolution of the Eastern Alps and Dinarides is largely related to the motion of the African continental plate towards the European plate, with the microcontinent Adria located in between the two. The plate motion of the latter plays a key role in driving the deformation of the Eastern Alps as well as the Dinaric mountain chain. With respect to the Eastern Alps the Adriatic plate is traditionally viewed as a bulldozer that deforms, uplifts and laterally displaces the Eastern Alps. However, we show that these geological processes are also compatible with a tectonic scenario in which the Adriatic plate subducts below the Alps. The subduction also provides a crucial mechanism to create the formation of the Southern Alps, which affects at the same time the geological evolution of the northern Dinarides. The experimental results also strongly suggest that the geological evolution of the Eastern Alps during the last 30 Ma is best explained by phases of oblique and subsequent orthogonal Alps-Adria convergence. This has led to the characteristic deformation patterns of the Eastern Alps: significant crustal thickening in the west and dominant lateral displacements of crustal units in the east. These differences in deformation style are confirmed by our new field observations and low temperature age data which also emphasize a tectonic link to the contemporaneous opening of the Pannonian Basin and associated extension. The data thereby disclose that the coeval collision and extension is critical for the rapid exhumation of metamorphosed rocks around 17 Ma at the transition from the Alps to the Dinarides. At the same time, a recorded phase of accelerated uplift during the last 10 Ma is rather related to the absence of extension in combination with ongoing Alps-Adria collision and deep seated processes. The integrated results of this thesis demonstrate that subduction/collision processes related to Alps-Adria convergence are strongly influenced by neighbouring and far-fielded processes, which has significant implications for the structural and topographic evolution of the studied region

Cooling and Vertical Motions of Crustal Wedges Prior to, During, and After Lateral Extrusion in the Eastern Alps: New Field Kinematic and Fission Track Data from the Mur-Mürz Fault System

New structural and thermochronological (zircon and apatite fission track) data from the eastern most Alps highlight distinct deformation phases affecting the Austroalpine unit along a major sinistral strike‐slip fault system, the Mur‐Mürz fault (MMF). The data link deformation to vertical motions prior to, during, and after the main phase of lateral extrusion of the orogen. Zircon fission track ages document rapid (ca. 15 °C/Myr) and diachronous (eastward younging) cooling and rock exhumation during the latest Cretaceous to Paleocene. Subsequent regional Eocene to early Miocene cooling below the closure temperature of the apatite fission track system occurred at slow rates (ca. 2 °C/Myr), suggesting that the region was not subject to major surface uplift and erosion during that period. Fault kinematic analysis along the MMF document pre‐extrusion NNW‐SSE contraction, middle Miocene syn‐extrusion NE‐SW to NNE‐SSW directed shortening, and Late Miocene E‐W contraction. All phases are characterized by strike‐slip fault regimes. Formation of the complex MMF zone triggered the exhumation of small, fault‐bound crustal blocks within the fault zone as documented by middle Miocene apatite fission track ages. Overall, ages are similar on both sides of the fault suggesting that lateral extrusion along the MMF was not associated with significant differential vertical motions. Local Pliocene rock cooling and exhumation was probably related to the buttressing effect of the underthrust Bohemian basement spur. Whereas large‐scale, post‐extrusion surface uplift of the extruding crustal wedges, such as the “Styrian block,” must have been related to long‐wavelength deformation processes affecting the easternmost Alps

Cooling and Vertical Motions of Crustal Wedges Prior to, During, and After Lateral Extrusion in the Eastern Alps: New Field Kinematic and Fission Track Data from the Mur-Mürz Fault System

New structural and thermochronological (zircon and apatite fission track) data from the eastern most Alps highlight distinct deformation phases affecting the Austroalpine unit along a major sinistral strike‐slip fault system, the Mur‐Mürz fault (MMF). The data link deformation to vertical motions prior to, during, and after the main phase of lateral extrusion of the orogen. Zircon fission track ages document rapid (ca. 15 °C/Myr) and diachronous (eastward younging) cooling and rock exhumation during the latest Cretaceous to Paleocene. Subsequent regional Eocene to early Miocene cooling below the closure temperature of the apatite fission track system occurred at slow rates (ca. 2 °C/Myr), suggesting that the region was not subject to major surface uplift and erosion during that period. Fault kinematic analysis along the MMF document pre‐extrusion NNW‐SSE contraction, middle Miocene syn‐extrusion NE‐SW to NNE‐SSW directed shortening, and Late Miocene E‐W contraction. All phases are characterized by strike‐slip fault regimes. Formation of the complex MMF zone triggered the exhumation of small, fault‐bound crustal blocks within the fault zone as documented by middle Miocene apatite fission track ages. Overall, ages are similar on both sides of the fault suggesting that lateral extrusion along the MMF was not associated with significant differential vertical motions. Local Pliocene rock cooling and exhumation was probably related to the buttressing effect of the underthrust Bohemian basement spur. Whereas large‐scale, post‐extrusion surface uplift of the extruding crustal wedges, such as the “Styrian block,” must have been related to long‐wavelength deformation processes affecting the easternmost Alps

Cooling and Vertical Motions of Crustal Wedges Prior to, During, and After Lateral Extrusion in the Eastern Alps: New Field Kinematic and Fission Track Data from the Mur-Mürz Fault System

New structural and thermochronological (zircon and apatite fission track) data from the eastern most Alps highlight distinct deformation phases affecting the Austroalpine unit along a major sinistral strike‐slip fault system, the Mur‐Mürz fault (MMF). The data link deformation to vertical motions prior to, during, and after the main phase of lateral extrusion of the orogen. Zircon fission track ages document rapid (ca. 15 °C/Myr) and diachronous (eastward younging) cooling and rock exhumation during the latest Cretaceous to Paleocene. Subsequent regional Eocene to early Miocene cooling below the closure temperature of the apatite fission track system occurred at slow rates (ca. 2 °C/Myr), suggesting that the region was not subject to major surface uplift and erosion during that period. Fault kinematic analysis along the MMF document pre‐extrusion NNW‐SSE contraction, middle Miocene syn‐extrusion NE‐SW to NNE‐SSW directed shortening, and Late Miocene E‐W contraction. All phases are characterized by strike‐slip fault regimes. Formation of the complex MMF zone triggered the exhumation of small, fault‐bound crustal blocks within the fault zone as documented by middle Miocene apatite fission track ages. Overall, ages are similar on both sides of the fault suggesting that lateral extrusion along the MMF was not associated with significant differential vertical motions. Local Pliocene rock cooling and exhumation was probably related to the buttressing effect of the underthrust Bohemian basement spur. Whereas large‐scale, post‐extrusion surface uplift of the extruding crustal wedges, such as the “Styrian block,” must have been related to long‐wavelength deformation processes affecting the easternmost Alps