272 research outputs found
Strengths and weaknesses of guideline approaches to safeguard voluntary informed consent of patients within a dependent relationship
BACKGROUND: It is thought that a dependent relationship between patients and physicians who enroll their own patients in research compromises voluntary informed consent. Therefore, several ethical guidelines for human subject research provide approaches to mitigate these compromises. Currently, these approaches have not been critically evaluated. In this article, we analyze the approaches of ethical guidelines to manage the influence of a dependent relationship between patients and physicians on voluntary informed consent and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. METHODS: We performed a review of international ethical guidance documents on human subject research, listed in the Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics and found through cross referencing. We also searched Global Ethics Observatory (GEObs) and the World Health Organization (WHO) website. Guidelines from all years were eligible for inclusion. The date last searched was December 2013. DISCUSSION: We identified two basic guideline approaches: 1. a process approach, which focuses on the person who obtains informed consent, that is, an independent individual, such as a research nurse or counselor; and 2. a content approach, emphasizing the voluntary nature of participation. Both approaches are valuable, either because the influence of the physician may diminish or because it empowers patients to make voluntary decisions. However, the approaches also face challenges. First, research nurses are not always independent. Second, physician-investigators will be informed about decisions of their patients. Third, involvement of a counselor is sometimes unfeasible. Fourth, the right to withdraw may be difficult to act upon in a dependent relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Current guideline approaches to protect voluntary informed consent within a dependent relationship are suboptimal. To prevent compromises to voluntary informed consent, consent should not only be obtained by an independent individual, but this person should also emphasize the voluntary nature of participation. At the same time, dependency as such does not imply undue influence. Sometimes the physician may be best qualified to provide information, for example, for a very specialized study. Still, the research nurse should obtain informed consent. In addition, patients should be able to consult a counselor, who attends the informed consent discussions and is concerned with their interests. Finally, both physicians and research nurses should disclose research interests
The unique status of first-in-human studies: strengthening the social value requirement
For clinical research to be ethical, risks need to be balanced by anticipated benefits. This is challenging for first-in-human (FIH) studies as participants are not expected to benefit directly, and risks are potentially high. We argue that this differentiates FIH studies from other clinical trials to the extent that they should be given unique status in international research ethics guidelines. As there is a general positive attitude regarding the benefits of science, it is important to establish a more systematic method to assess anticipated social value to safeguard participants not only from enrolling in risky, but also in futile trials. Here, we provide some of necessary steps needed to assess the anticipated social value of the intervention
Some Unresolved Ethical Challenges in Healthcare Decision-Making : Navigating Family Involvement
Peer reviewedPublisher PD
How Should the Precautionary Principle Apply to Pregnant Women in Clinical Research?
The precautionary principle is often invoked in relation to pregnant women and may be one of the underlying reasons for their continuous underrepresentation in clinical research. The principle is appealing, because potential fetal harm as a result of research participation is considered to be serious and irreversible. In our paper, we explore through conceptual analysis whether and if so how the precautionary principle should apply to pregnant women. We argue that the principle is a decision-making strategy underlying risk-benefit decisions in clinical research, which can be applied to pregnant women. However, the current application is a strong one, leading to the promotion of absolute exclusion or, less often, absolute inclusion of pregnant women. In order to change this paralyzing situation, a shift toward weak precautionary thinking is necessary. Instead of automatic extreme precaution, a balance will be found between harms and potential benefits of including pregnant women in clinical research
What do international ethics guidelines say in terms of the scope of medical research ethics?
BACKGROUND: In research ethics, the most basic question would always be, "which is an ethical issue, which is not?" Interestingly, depending on which ethics guideline we consult, we may have various answers to this question. Though we already have several international ethics guidelines for biomedical research involving human participants, ironically, we do not have a harmonized document which tells us what these various guidelines say and shows us the areas of consensus (or lack thereof). In this manuscript, we attempted to do just that. METHODS: We extracted the imperatives from five internationally-known ethics guidelines and took note where the imperatives came from. In doing so, we gathered data on how many guidelines support a specific imperative. RESULTS: We found that there is no consensus on the majority of the imperatives and that in only 8.2% of the imperatives were there at least moderate consensus (i.e., consensus of at least 3 of the 5 ethics guidelines). Of the 12 clusters (Basic Principles; Research Collaboration; Social Value; Scientific Validity; Participant Selection; Favorable Benefit/Risk Ratio; Independent Review; Informed Consent; Respect for Participants; Publication and Registration; Regulatory Sanctions; and Justified Research on the Vulnerable Population), Informed Consent has the highest level of consensus and Research Collaboration and Regulatory Sanctions have the least. CONCLUSION: There was a lack of consensus in the majority of imperatives from the five internationally-known ethics guidelines. This may be partly explained by the differences among the guidelines in terms of their levels of specification as well as conceptual/ideological differences
ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅/ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΊ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π· ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Ρ, ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ.It is shown that untreated chronic inflammation of the prostate gland causes disturbances of spermogram count and strility in a number of cases at normal development of sex glands and sufficient hormone supply of the organism. Bacteria, viruses, leukocytes, free radicals, cytokines, immunological changes and obstruction of the deferent ducts in prostatitis are coβfactors of sterility development
Continuous deep sedation at the end of life:a qualitative interview-study among health care providers on an evolving practice
Background:Continuous deep sedation (CDS) can be used for patients at the end of life who suffer intolerably from severe symptoms that cannot be relieved otherwise. In the Netherlands, the use of CDS is guided by an national guideline since 2005. The percentage of patients for whom CDS is used increased from 8% of all patients who died in 2005 to 18% in 2015. The aim of this study is to explore potential causes of the rise in the use of CDS in the Netherlands according to health care providers who have been participating in this practice.Β Methods:Β Semi-structured interviews were conducted and thematically analysed. Participants were Dutch health care providers (HCPs), working at patientsβ homes, hospices, elderly care facilities and in hospitals and experienced in providing CDS, who were recruited via purposeful sampling.Β Results:Β 41 Health care providers participated in an interview. For these HCPs the reason to start CDS is often a combination of symptoms resulting in a refractory state. HCPs indicated that symptoms of non-physical origin are increasingly important in the decision to start CDS. Most HCPs felt that suffering at the end of life is less tolerated by patients, their relatives, and sometimes by HCPs; they report more requests to relieve suffering by using CDS. Some HCPs in our study have experienced increasing pressure to perform CDS. Some HCPs stated that they more often used intermittent sedation, sometimes resulting in CDS.Β Conclusions:Β This study provides insight into how participating HCPs perceive that their practice of CDS changed over time. The combination of a broader interpretation of refractory suffering by HCPs and a decreased tolerance of suffering at the end of life by patients, their relatives and HCPs, may have led to a lower threshold to start CDS. Trial registration: The Research Ethics Committee of University Medical Center Utrecht assessed that the study was exempt from ethical review according to Dutch law (Protocol number 19β435/C).</p
End-of-Life Decision-Making in Canada: The Report by the Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel on End-of-Life Decision-Making
This report on end-of-life decision-making in Canada was produced by an international expert panel and commissioned by the Royal Society of Canada. It consists of five chapters
ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΠ΄ΡΠΉΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π²Π°Π»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ Π· 3-(2'-Π±ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»)-7-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ.ΠΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°Π»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ 3-(2'-Π±ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»)-7-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ.The interaction of the valproic acid with 3-(2'-bromoacetyl)-7-methoxicoumarin has been carried out and its determination in blood by the reaction high performance liquid chromatography method has been developed. The influence of various methods of deproteinization on the yields of the valproic acid has been studied and the conditions of the sample preparing has been optimized
Experiences and perceptions of continuous deep sedation:An interview study among Dutch patients and relatives
Background:Β The incidence of continuous deep sedation (CDS) has more than doubled over the last decade in The Netherlands, while reasons for this increase are not fully understood. Patients and relatives have an essential role in deciding on CDS. We hypothesize that the increase in CDS practice is related to the changing role of patients and relatives in deciding on CDS.Β Objective:Β To describe perceptions and experiences of patients and relatives with regard to CDS. This insight may help professionals and policymakers to better understand and respond to the evolving practice of CDS.Β Methods:Β Qualitative interviews were held with patients and relatives who had either personal experience with CDS as a relative or had contemplated CDS for themselves.Β Results:Β The vast majority of respondents appreciated CDS as a palliative care option, and none of the respondents reported (moral) objections to CDS. The majority of respondents prioritized avoiding suffering at the end of life. The patients and families generally considered CDS a palliative care option for which they can choose. Likewise, according to our respondents, the decision to start CDS was made by them, instead of the physician. Negative experiences with CDS care were mostly related to loss of sense of agency, due to insufficient communication or information provision by healthcare professionals. Lack of continuity of care was also a source of distress. We observed a variety in the respondents' understanding of the distinction between CDS and other end-of-life care decisions, including euthanasia. Some perceived CDS as hastening death.Β Conclusion:Β The traditional view of CDS as a last resort option for a physician to relieve a patient's suffering at the end of life is not explicit among patients and relatives. Instead, our results show that they perceive CDS as a regular palliative care option. Along with this normalization of CDS, patients and relatives claim a substantial say in the decision-making and are mainly motivated by a wish to avoid suffering and exercise control at the end of life. These distinct views on CDS of patients, their relativesΒ and healthcare providers should be reconciled in guidelines and protocols for CDS.Β Patient or Public Contribution:Β One of the authors in our team (G. H.) has experience with CDS as a relative and ensured that the patient/relative viewpoint was adequately reflected in the design and conduct of our study. In the preliminary phase of our study,Β G. H. adjusted the topic list so it was better adapted to the current practice of CDS. During the data analysis,Β G. H. read several interviews and took part in the open and critical discussion on central themes and core concepts as an important member of the author team, thereby guaranteeing the central position of the patient/relative perspective in our final research outcome.</p
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