<原著>語彙習得に関する文脈の及ぼす役割

語彙習得は言語学習において大きな役割を担っている。その言語習得に対しては, 多くの方法が考案されている。語彙表を作って覚えるやり方もあれば, 語彙表で単語のみを覚えるやり方は意味がないと主張する人もいる。きちんと文脈を伴って覚えなければ語彙の本当の意味が理解できないので, 文脈のなかで語彙を覚えるべきたと言う人もいる。本研究では, 語彙の習得をするための方法を考察するために, 語彙を記憶する際の文脈の効果について検討を行った。英単語を記憶へ取り入れるためには, 文脈を付帯した方がより効率よく記憶へ取り入れることができるかどうかを検証し, また, 外国語の記憶域と習熟度の関係について, 英語能力テストと語彙記憶量との関係を調べることによって検討した。その結果, 英語の単語を短期記憶の中に貯蔵するためには文脈がほとんど影響力を持たず, 逆に, 語彙表で覚える方がより短期記憶の中に入りやすいという結果が得られた。また, 英語能力テストと英単語の記憶量との相関が若干見られ, 英語能力が伸びれば伸びるほど, 記憶量も増えるのではないかという示唆を与えている。The acquisition of vocabulary has a large role in the learning of a language. Many ways are suggested to acquire a vocabulary. Some people learn a vocabulary by heart by making lists. Some people say that context must not be ignored in studying vocabulary and that to learn words separately from the context has little significance. In this study, the effect of context in memorizing vocabulary was examined. The correlation coefficient for an English proficiency test and for English vocabulary memory span was also examined. The results show that knowing the context has title effect on the short-term memory of English words, but, on the other hand, a vocabulary list is more effective in this case. Although slight, the relationship between English proficiency and the memory span for English was found, which suggests that the greater the ability the students have in English, the longer the vocabulary memory span is.国立情報学研究所で電子

<原著>看護教育課程における英語教育の在り方

The purpose of this study is to examine the present situation of English education in nursing education in Japan, and to consider the role of English education in the curriculum. In order to make an effective nursing curriculum, general education, including language learning, shoud not be ignored, and what should be taught must be considered carefully. In this paper, the survey shows the difference in the importance placed on language education between the students and the teachers in our nursing department. The desires of the students who just entered our junior college and those of the teachers in the nursing department were compared. Asa result, we found that the teachers think that students should study English only for general refinement or as a part of their professional education. On the contrary, the students want to improve their communication abilities. We concluded that the students' consciousness is mainly on the spoken language, and the teachers' consciousness is mainly on the written language. As a conclusion, it is recommended that ESP (English for Specific Purposes), which the students are not interested in now, must be included in English education in the nursing curriculum. The needs of the students and those of others are not the same, but both needs should be taken into consideration in designing the course and in designing the content of language education.国立情報学研究所で電子

<原著>失調症患者における物品使用パターンの分析

失調症患者6名について, ビデオカメラによる観察分析法を用い, 物品使用のパターン分析を行った。静的把持パターンの分析は, 鎌倉の報告による健常者のデーターとの比較を行った。動的使用パターンの分析は, 肩関節, 肘関節, 手関節の動き及び動揺の状態, 手指の動き, 上肢の接地面, 物品使用の実用性について行ない, 対照群と比較した。その結果, 失調症患者は, 静的把持パターンでは, 握力把握を必要としない把握場面で握力把握を同時に出現させるケースが多く見られた。一方, 動的使用パターンの分析では, 患者は健常者と比べ, 肩関節の動きが少なく, 手指の動きは2次元的であり, 上肢の接地面は多く, さらに関節の動揺は, 手関節, 肘関節の順で多いことが認められた。この研究で失調症患者が物品使用するのために自助具の使用等を含めた手段が検討された。A pattern analysis of tools used was conducted in six patients with ataxia through observations by using a video camera. The analysis results of static grasp pattern were compared with the data for normal subjects reported by Kamakura. Mobile use patterns were analyzed for movement and trembling conditions of the shoulder joint, elbow joint, and hand joints ; finger movement ; contact surface of the upper extremities ; and practicability of tools used. The results were compared with those of the controls. Some patients with ataxia showed use of grasping power when it was not necessary. On the other hand, the analysis of mobile use patterns revealed that the patients had less movement of the shoulders than that of normal subjects and had two-dimensional movement of fingers. The contact surface of the upper extremities was larger in the patients. Joint tremblings were found large in the order of the hand joint and the elbow joint. In this study, other measures including self-help devices for incontinent patients' using tools were considered.国立情報学研究所で電子

<原著>新しい臨床看護教育方法の研究 : 高齢患者の心理の理解を中心として

The increasing number of elderly patients corresponds with the expanding size of the aged population in society. The ultimate purpose of this study is to establish the educational method for clinical nursing in which not just the sickness that afflicts an elderly patient but also the totality of the patient is addressed. For that purpose, we examined how effective a new teaching approach would be for improving a nurse's rapport with the elderly patient and the understanding of the patient's psychology. The new method was applied to a group of 80 nursing students, while a traditional method was applied to a control group of 80 nursing students. Before and after the clinical nursing practicum, the same questionnaires were issued to all the participating students. Before the experiments, there was no significant difference between both groups. After the experiment, the experimental group registered significantly high scores over the control group especially in the areas of "insight", "positiveness", "the value of nursing" and "the acquisition of the nursing art". The result seems to verify our hypothesis that the new educational method in which the totality of the elderly patient is presented has a favorable effect in clinical nursing education.国立情報学研究所で電子

<原著>健常成人男性における歩行速度と歩行中の筋電活動量との関係について

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the amount of muscle electrical activity and the change of speed in walking of healthy adults. The subjects of our study were 8 physically fit and healthy men whose ages ranged from 18 to 34 (23.1±6.4) years. The EMG signal was measured by the ME 3000 Professional System Muscle Tester (Mega Electronics Ltd). EMG activity in the right leg was measured through two surface electrodes on the belly of each muscle. The following muscles were monitored in all subjects : Gluteus medius, Gluteus maximus, Vastus lateralis, Biceps femoris, Tibialis anterior, Gastrocnemius, and Sacrospinalis. The series of tests consisted of seven speeds of walking, from 25 meters per minute to 175 meters per minute (25,50,75,100,125,150,175m/min). The results showed the following : 1) In general, integrated EMGs of each muscle for walking increased with increasing speed. Especially, the tibialis anterior showed a weak discharge at the 25m/min, and a strong discharge with increasing the speed up to 150m/min. However, at 175m/min, integrated EMGs of each muscle decreased. 2) Optimum speed of walking was supported in terms of the amount of muscle electrical activity elicited. The optimum speed of walking were ranged from 75m/min to 100m/min. Also, at the walking speed of 25m/min, integrated EMGs of each muscle attained the highest value.国立情報学研究所で電子

<原著>発声時の仮声帯の内転運動に関する研究 : 一側声帯麻痺例の臨床的検討

The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of the adduction of ventricular folds during phonation. We assessed the type and degree of adduction of ventricular folds during phonation by fiber-stroboscopy in 277 cases of unilateral laryngeal nerve paralysis. In 169 cases of the 277 assessed, adduction of the ventricular folds occurred during phonation (61%), which was produced by the unaffected ventricular fold. Five cases (2%) exhibited adduction of the affected ventricular fold. There was no sex difference observed in the cases in which adduction of ventricular folds occured during phonation. As compared to nonadduction, the incidence of marked hyperadduction significantly increased with age in the later part of life. As for the maximum phonation time (MPT), the mean flow rate (MFR), and the SPL-range during the vocal function test, cases of marked hyperadduction of the ventricular folds showed significant reduction as compared with these with nonadduction. Regarding the pitch perturbation quotient (PPQ), the amplitude perturbation quotient (APQ) and the normalized noise energy (NNE) determined during the acoustic analysis, cases of marked hyperadduction of the ventricular folds showed significant reduction as compared with those of nonadduction. In many cases, reduction of the affected vocal fold function was observed in cases in which the fixed position of the vocal fold on the affected side was intermediate. In other words, the adduction of the ventricular folds was regarded as a compensatory reaction to glottal insufficiency. In 206 cases in which a silicon injection was performed, we compared the degree of adduction of the ventricular fold before and after the silicon injection. It is notable that following a silicon injection the degree of adduction was reduced in 106 (84%) out of the 126 cases in which adduction of ventricular folds was observed prior to injection.国立情報学研究所で電子

<原著>発声発語器官の交互運動能力における教示方法の違いの影響 : 健常成人の場合

健常者に, 3種の教示条件下で, 口腔器官のディアドコキネシス検査を施行し, 教示方法の違いが, 被験者の課題遂行に及ぼす影響を検討した。対象は, 健常女性31名(平均19.4歳)である。教示は, 音節/pa/, /ta/, /ka/を, (1)できるだけ速く, 5秒間くり返し言う, (2)できるだけ速く, 一息で続く限り長く, くり返し言う, (3)正確に, できるだけ速く, 一息で続く限り長く, くり返し言うの3条件を設定した。その結果, (1)構音の正確さを強調した教示方法では, 強調しない方法に比べ, 口腔器官の交互反復運動速度は有意に低下した。(2)最初の5秒間について, 秒毎に平均音節数を算出すると, 音節/pa/および/ka/の場合には1秒目に比べて, 3秒目もしくは5秒目の音節数が有意に減少しており, 交互反復運動速度に時間的変動がみられた。これに対して音節/ta/では, 音節数に有意な差は認められなかった。(3)交互反復運動速度は, どの教示条件においても.音節/ta/で最も速く, 次いで/pa/, /ka/の順であった。We examined the maximum performance rate of single syllable repetitions (oral diadochokinesis) in normal subjects. The subjects were 31 females with a mean age of 19.4 years. The task consisted of three different types of instructions : the repetition of monosyllable (/pa/, /ta/, /ka/) (1) as rapidly as possible for five seconds, (2) as rapidly and as long as possible in one breath, or (3) as rapidly and as long as possible, but accurately, in one breath. The results revealed the following. (1) With the instruction requiring articulatory accuracy (condition 3) alternating motion rates (AMR's) were significantly slower than those under the other conditions. (2) The number of syllables in the third or fifth second showed a significant reduction as compared to the first second in the articulations of /pa/ and /ka/. However, the numbers in each of the first five seconds were constant for /ta/. (3) The AMR's were different for each type of syllable produced. Of the three syllables, the AMR's for /ta/ were the fastest.国立情報学研究所で電子

Alternating Kinetics of Annihilating Random Walks Near a Free Interface

The kinetics of annihilating random walks in one dimension, with the half-line x>0 initially filled, is investigated. The survival probability of the nth particle from the interface exhibits power-law decay, S_n(t)~t^{-alpha_n}, with alpha_n approximately equal to 0.225 for n=1 and all odd values of n; for all n even, a faster decay with alpha_n approximately equal to 0.865 is observed. From consideration of the eventual survival probability in a finite cluster of particles, the rigorous bound alpha_1<1/4 is derived, while a heuristic argument gives alpha_1 approximately equal to 3 sqrt{3}/8 = 0.2067.... Numerically, this latter value appears to be a stringent lower bound for alpha_1. The average position of the first particle moves to the right approximately as 1.7 t^{1/2}, with a relatively sharp and asymmetric probability distribution.Comment: 6 pages, RevTeX, 5 eps figures include

Anomalous Scale Dimensions from Timelike Braiding

Using the previously gained insight about the particle/field relation in conformal quantum field theories which required interactions to be related to the existence of particle-like states associated with fields of anomalous scaling dimensions, we set out to construct a classification theory for the spectra of anomalous dimensions. Starting from the old observations on conformal superselection sectors related to the anomalous dimensions via the phases which appear in the spectral decomposition of the center of the conformal covering group $Z(\widetilde{SO(d,2)}),$ we explore the possibility of a timelike braiding structure consistent with the timelike ordering which refines and explains the central decomposition. We regard this as a preparatory step in a new construction attempt of interacting conformal quantum field theories in D=4 spacetime dimensions. Other ideas of constructions based on the $AdS_{5}$-$CQFT_{4}$ or the perturbative SYM approach in their relation to the present idea are briefly mentioned.Comment: completely revised, updated and shortened replacement, 24 pages tcilatex, 3 latexcad figure

<原著>現代の変化する社会における看護教師に必要な諸能力に関する研究 : 看護教員養成修了者の調査を通して

現代の変化する社会のなかで, 看護教師の能力を理解することは必要且つ重要な課題となっている。というのは, 看護教師は高い看護の質を要求される看護学生の教育に携わるからである。現代における看護教師の能力は何であろうか.本研究は, 変化する社会の中における看護教師の能力を明らかにすることにある。調査の対象者は, 280名の看護教員養成修了者である。方法は質問紙法で行った。その結果, 看護教師に必要な能力は3つの側面からなっている。1.知的側面 : 看護の知識, 教育の知識2.技術的側面 : 教育技術, 学生指導の技術, 人間理解の方法, 問題解決技法。3.情緒的側面(人間性) : 豊かな人間性であった。In this changing society, it is necessary and important to understand what abilities are necessary for nursing teachers, for they must teach nursing students who will be required to have very high qualities. This study was done to try to clarify what abilities are required in our society nowadays. Subject : 280 nurses who completed the training course to become nursing teachers. Method : Questionnaire survey. Result : The necessary abilities for a nursing teacher include three different aspects : 1. intellectual-a knowledge of nursing and education. 2. technical-skills in education, student guidance, human understanding, and problem-solving. 3. emotional-well-rounded personality.国立情報学研究所で電子