93 research outputs found
Mechanics of cooling liquids by forced evaporation in bubbles
Injecting a non-dissolvable gas into a saturated liquid results in
sub-cooling of the liquid due to forced evaporation into the bubble. Previous
studies assumed the rate of evaporation of liquid into the bubble to be
independent of the degree of sub-cooling. In our study we quantify the bubble
growth by direct observation using high speed imaging and prove that this
hypothesis is not true. A phenomenological model of the bubble growth as a
function of the degree of sub-cooling is developed and we find excellent
agreement between the measurements and theory. This bubble cooling process is
employed in cooling a liquid. By identification of all heat flows, we can well
describe the cool down curve using bubble cooling. Bubble cooling provides an
alternative cooling method for liquids without the use of complicated cooling
techniques
SupernetNL program: 3.4 km 110 kV AC underground superconducting cable in the Dutch grid
TenneT, a leading European electricity transmission system operator (TSO) is planning to install a
3.4 km long underground superconducting 110 kV cable as part of the Dutch electricity grid, in
the city of Enschede. HTS cables have already been demonstrated on a relatively small scale in
other countries, but they are usually not part of the meshed high-voltage grid and the length of
the relevant cable section generally does not exceed 1 km. In 2009, a 600-meter section of HTS
cable was installed in New York, and in 2014 a 1-km long section was taken in operation in Essen,
Germany to replace a 10 kV AC medium-voltage line.
In the Supernet NL program, TenneT is working together with several leading knowledge institutes
including University of Twente, Delft University of Technology, the Institute of Science and Sustain-
able Development (IWO), HAN University of Applied Sciences and RH Marine. These institutes have
been investigating control engineering aspects and the requirements the cable must meet.
In the meantime, the tender process has been started which consists of two phases. In the fi rst
phase (summer 2017) appropriate candidates are selected directly followed by a call for tender in
August. Receipt of the best and fi nal offer is scheduled for the end of November.
In the presentation, the project will be introduced and requirements will be discussed, specifi cally
focusing on the cryogenic aspects
Expression of Multiple Artificial MicroRNAs from a Chicken miRNA126-Based Lentiviral Vector
Background: The use of RNAi in both basic and translational research often requires expression of multiple siRNAs from the
same vector.
Methods/Principal Findings: We have developed a novel chicken miR126-based artificial miRNA expression system that can
express one, two or three miRNAs from a single cassette in a lentiviral vector. We show that each of the miRNAs expressed
from the same lentiviral vector is capable of potent inhibition of reporter gene expression in transient transfection and
stable integration assays in chicken fibroblast DF-1 cells. Transduction of Vero cells with lentivirus expressing two or three
different anti-influenza miRNAs leads to inhibition of influenza virus production. In addition, the chicken miR126-based
expression system effectively inhibits reporter gene expression in human, monkey, dog and mouse cells. These results
demonstrate that the flanking regions of a single primary miRNA can support processing of three different stem-loops in a
single vector.
Conclusions/Significance: This novel design expands the means to express multiple miRNAs from the same vector for
potent and effective silencing of target genes and influenza virus.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AI056267)Cobb-Vantress, inc
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