The role of microbes in the inhibition of the atmospheric corrosion of steel caused by air pollutants

Due to the presence of corrosive contaminants in the air, metals naturally corrode when exposed to the environment. Air pollution, in conjunction with climate conditions, may significantly deteriorate outdoor materials, especially metals and hence, the need for corrosion control. Using inhibitors is a powerful strategy that is frequently employed for corrosion prevention and control. Chemical inhibitors are often used. However, due to their low effectiveness and stringent environmental regulations, the majority of chemical corrosion inhibition techniques are becoming less desirable. For this reason, there is an increasing interest in and focus on biological inhibition approaches, which most recently have included the use of microbes. Microbiologically-influenced corrosion inhibition (MICI) is apparently far more complex than traditional corrosion inhibition procedures. A current overview of the mechanisms that have been used or may be efficient for MICI technologies is important in order to facilitate the advancement of MICI and its practical industrial applications, especially for atmospheric corrosion caused by air pollutants, for which there is little information in the reviewed literature. Therefore, this review addresses the role of microbes, like Pseudomonas putida, in the inhibition of atmospheric corrosion of metals and brings the reader up-to-date on the few literatures existing on the subject. The review describes and characterizes MICI for atmospheric corrosion as a developing field still in need of enthusiastic researchers to further investigate the area in order to establish useful methodologies, procedures, and technologies for later adoption in industrial terrains and applications

Effect of corrosion on surface degradation of galvanized steel in poultry dung, pig dung and urea solutions using rice straw as an inhibitor

Waste control is a big challenge in industries. The aim of this study is to control degradation of farm structure using rice husk as corrosion inhibitor in pig dung, poultry dung and urea solution environment. The rice straw was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The four variables: rice straw, Pig dung, urea and poultry dung solutions were used to determine the best approach to reduce the corrosion rate of galvanized steel used for farm structures. Time varia- tion used was 3–12 days. The result from the phytochemical analysis showed that rice husk has constituents of a good inhibitor. The result from the variables’ mix in S1: A: 40 cm3; B: 40 cm3; C: 10 cm3 and D: 10 cm3 has the highest in- hibition efficiency of 88.59%. The SEM result from the best combination showed that passive film was formed which was attributed to the adsorption via rice straw extract. The rice straw used in this study was an effective inhibitor. It is an agricultural waste that was converted into a viable process which is of economic value. Keywords: corrosion, inhibitor, wei

Optimization Study of Eggshell Extract as Inhibitor of Mild Steel Corrosion in a 30 wt% NaCl Solution

Corrosion is a major challenge faced in industries, which has to be addressed by using inhibitors. The aim of this study was to investigate ESE as CI of MS in a 30 wt% NaCl solution. ESE was subjected to Pc analysis, to identify the presence of active ingredients that would create a good CI. CI of ESE at different C was investigated using WL, PDP, SEM, FTIR and EDXS techniques, to characterize MS samples. The best process level from the experimental design was observed at T of 24.4 ºC, IT of 6 days and ESE C of 0.4 g/L, with IE(%) of 95.5%. The presence of metabolites in ESE was confirmed by Pc analysis, which suggested the extract was a good CI. Results from PDP and WL techniques were in good agreement. SEM, FTIR and EDS data revealed that the optimal procedure level produced a stronger protective film on the MS surface. It was concluded that ESE acted as a good and environmentally friendly CI

PANC Study (Pancreatitis: A National Cohort Study): national cohort study examining the first 30 days from presentation of acute pancreatitis in the UK

Abstract Background Acute pancreatitis is a common, yet complex, emergency surgical presentation. Multiple guidelines exist and management can vary significantly. The aim of this first UK, multicentre, prospective cohort study was to assess the variation in management of acute pancreatitis to guide resource planning and optimize treatment. Methods All patients aged greater than or equal to 18 years presenting with acute pancreatitis, as per the Atlanta criteria, from March to April 2021 were eligible for inclusion and followed up for 30 days. Anonymized data were uploaded to a secure electronic database in line with local governance approvals. Results A total of 113 hospitals contributed data on 2580 patients, with an equal sex distribution and a mean age of 57 years. The aetiology was gallstones in 50.6 per cent, with idiopathic the next most common (22.4 per cent). In addition to the 7.6 per cent with a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, 20.1 per cent of patients had a previous episode of acute pancreatitis. One in 20 patients were classed as having severe pancreatitis, as per the Atlanta criteria. The overall mortality rate was 2.3 per cent at 30 days, but rose to one in three in the severe group. Predictors of death included male sex, increased age, and frailty; previous acute pancreatitis and gallstones as aetiologies were protective. Smoking status and body mass index did not affect death. Conclusion Most patients presenting with acute pancreatitis have a mild, self-limiting disease. Rates of patients with idiopathic pancreatitis are high. Recurrent attacks of pancreatitis are common, but are likely to have reduced risk of death on subsequent admissions. </jats:sec

corchorus olitorius stem as corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in sulphuric acid

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4 solution was studied in the presence of Corchorus olitorius stem extract as inhibitor. Phytochemical analysis results confirmed the presence of organic constituents such as Alkaloids, Tannins, Glycosides, Saponins and Flavonoids which made the Corchorus olitorius stem extract act as a good inhibitor. The highest inhibition efficiency as observed from the experimental design was 93.29%, with process levels of 4 days, temperature: 60 �C and inhibitor concentration: 1.0 g/L respectively. The optimal process levels were: 4.11 days, temperature: 48.92 �C and inhibitor concentration: 1.16 g/L respectively, which gave an inhibition efficiency of 94.34%. The result from the Scanning Electron Micrographs showed that via the validated experiment, a more passive layer of film was formed on the surface of the coupon, confirming the high efficiency of the Corchorus olitorius extract's inhibiting role in corrosion preventio

Optimization and Performance Evaluation of Lemon Leaves Extract as Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in a 1.0 M HCl Solution

This study examined the use of LLE as an inhibitor for MS in a HCl medium, using the optimization approach. In order to determine the metabolites presence, phytochemical analyses were performed on the plant extract. Three variables factors were considered for the optimization: inhibitor C (0.2- 0.8 g/L); T (30-50 ºC); and time (2-6 h). Morphological structure was determined using SEM. Phytochemical analysis results showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids, which confirmed the extract as a good inhibitor. The optimal process conditions were T of 48.30 ºC, time of 2.49 h and C of 0.66 g/L, for obtaining the highest IE of 84.2 %. Meanwhile, the validated OPL gave an IE of 85.6 %. The results observed from SEM showed that a more protective film was formed on the MS surface, in the validated process level. LLE adsorption obeyed Langmuir’s isotherm, and the thermodynamic parameters were: ∆Gads (-17.05, -18.74 and -15.35 kJ/mol-1) and ΔH (41.73, -15.41 and -1.58 kJ/mol-1). ∆Gads negative values indicated LLE spontaneous adsorption, which was physisorption. It can be concluded that LLE would be recommendable as a low-cost inhibitor for MS corrosion in 1 M HC

Optimization and corrosion inhibition of Palm kernel leaves on mildsteel in oil and gas applications

This study investigated the effectiveness of palm kernel leaves extract (PKLE) as green inhibitor using Central Composite Design (CCD). Phytochemical analysis was performed on the extract. Process variables used for the optimization in this study were: concentration of extract (0.5–1.5 g per litre), time (3–5 days), and temperature (30–50 �C) respectively. Surface characterization was done with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Bioactive constituents were observed from the result of the phytochemical analysis.The best process levels were: inhibitor concentration (1.500 g/l), temperature (30 �C) and time (3 days) with inhibition efficiency of 96.74 %; while the optimal process level validated gave 97.20 %. The SEM results revealed that more film was observed on the validated optimal process level. The PKLE extract was an effective inhibito

Chlorpyrifos- and Dichlorvos-Induced Oxidative and Neurogenic Damage Elicits Neuro-Cognitive Deficits and Increases Anxiety-Like Behavior in Wild-Type Rats

The execution of agricultural activities on an industrial scale has led to indiscriminate deposition of toxic xenobiotics, including organophosphates, in the biome. This has led to intoxication characterized by deleterious oxidative and neuronal changes. This study investigated the consequences of oxidative and neurogenic disruptions that follow exposure to a combination of two organophosphates, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and dichlorvos (DDVP), on neuro-cognitive performance and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats (150&#8315;170 g) were randomly divided into four groups, orally exposed to normal saline (NS), DDVP (8.8 mg/kg), CPF (14.9 mg/kg), and DDVP + CPF for 14 consecutive days. On day 10 of exposure, anxiety-like behavior and amygdala-dependent fear learning were assessed using open field and elevated plus maze paradigms, respectively, while spatial working memory was assessed on day 14 in the Morris water maze paradigm, following three training trials on days 11, 12, and 13. On day 15, the rats were euthanized, and their brains excised, with the hippocampus and amygdala removed. Five of these samples were homogenized and centrifuged to analyze nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, total reactive oxygen species (ROS), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and the other three were processed for histology (cresyl violet stain) and proliferative markers (Ki67 immunohistochemistry). Marked (p &#8804;0.05) loss in body weight, AChE depletion, and overproduction of both NO and ROS were observed after repeated exposure to individual and combined doses of CPF and DDVP. Insults from DDVP exposure appeared more severe owing to the observed greater losses in the body weights of exposed rats. There was also a significant (p &#8804;0.05) effect on the cognitive behaviors recorded from the exposed rats, and these deficits were related to the oxidative damage and neurogenic cell loss in the hippocampus and the amygdala of the exposed rats. Taken together, these results provided an insight that oxidative and neurogenic damage are central to the severity of neuro-cognitive dysfunction and increased anxiety-like behaviors that follow organophosphate poisoning

Computer-aided drug design in anti-cancer drug discovery: What have we learnt and what is the way forward?

The escalating prevalence of cancer on a global scale, coupled with the inadequacies of present-day therapies and the emergence of drug-resistant cancer strains, has necessitated the development of additional anticancer drugs. The traditional drug discovery process is long and complex, and the high failure rate of new drugs in clinical trials further highlights the need for computational approaches in anticancer drug discovery. Computer-aided drug design (CADD), including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, QSAR analysis, and machine learning, are employed to predict the efficacy of potential drug compounds and pinpoint the most auspicious compounds for subsequent testing and advancement. This article provides an overview of contemporary computational approaches employed in the design of anti-cancer drugs. It highlights a range of small molecules that have been identified as capable of impeding cancer growth and migration through various mechanisms, including cell cycle arrest/apoptosis, signal transduction inhibition, angiogenesis, epigenetics, and the hedgehog pathway. It also examines the constraints of computational techniques and presents remedies to surmount these limitations in the development and identification of efficacious anticancer compounds