Worldwide comparison of survival from childhood leukaemia for 1995–2009, by subtype, age, and sex (CONCORD-2): a population-based study of individual data for 89 828 children from 198 registries in 53 countries

Background Global inequalities in access to health care are reflected in differences in cancer survival. The CONCORD programme was designed to assess worldwide differences and trends in population-based cancer survival. In this population-based study, we aimed to estimate survival inequalities globally for several subtypes of childhood leukaemia. Methods Cancer registries participating in CONCORD were asked to submit tumour registrations for all children aged 0-14 years who were diagnosed with leukaemia between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2009, and followed up until Dec 31, 2009. Haematological malignancies were defined by morphology codes in the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third revision. We excluded data from registries from which the data were judged to be less reliable, or included only lymphomas, and data from countries in which data for fewer than ten children were available for analysis. We also excluded records because of a missing date of birth, diagnosis, or last known vital status. We estimated 5-year net survival (ie, the probability of surviving at least 5 years after diagnosis, after controlling for deaths from other causes [background mortality]) for children by calendar period of diagnosis (1995-99, 2000-04, and 2005-09), sex, and age at diagnosis (< 1, 1-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years, inclusive) using appropriate life tables. We estimated age-standardised net survival for international comparison of survival trends for precursor-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Findings We analysed data from 89 828 children from 198 registries in 53 countries. During 1995-99, 5-year agestandardised net survival for all lymphoid leukaemias combined ranged from 10.6% (95% CI 3.1-18.2) in the Chinese registries to 86.8% (81.6-92.0) in Austria. International differences in 5-year survival for childhood leukaemia were still large as recently as 2005-09, when age-standardised survival for lymphoid leukaemias ranged from 52.4% (95% CI 42.8-61.9) in Cali, Colombia, to 91.6% (89.5-93.6) in the German registries, and for AML ranged from 33.3% (18.9-47.7) in Bulgaria to 78.2% (72.0-84.3) in German registries. Survival from precursor-cell ALL was very close to that of all lymphoid leukaemias combined, with similar variation. In most countries, survival from AML improved more than survival from ALL between 2000-04 and 2005-09. Survival for each type of leukaemia varied markedly with age: survival was highest for children aged 1-4 and 5-9 years, and lowest for infants (younger than 1 year). There was no systematic difference in survival between boys and girls. Interpretation Global inequalities in survival from childhood leukaemia have narrowed with time but remain very wide for both ALL and AML. These results provide useful information for health policy makers on the effectiveness of health-care systems and for cancer policy makers to reduce inequalities in childhood survival

7E MODEL: AN EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH FOR TEACHING LEARNING

7E model developed by Eisenkraft (2003) is an inquiry-based instructional model based on the theory of constructivism. The seven stages of this constructivist-based learning cycle model are Elicit, Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate &amp; Evaluate and Extend. The present paper is intended to explore the historical background of constructivist 7E Model, the phases of the 7E learning cycle model, role of teacher and the students in the 7E model, the advantages of the 7E Model of learning and implications for using constructivist 7E model to facilitate teaching and learning. The researcher has found 7E Model very effective both for teachers and students and has recommended that teachers should be encouraged to use the 7E learning cycle model in their classrooms for effective teaching-learning. KEYWORDS: 7E Learning Cycle Model, Constructivist Approach, Effective Teaching-Learning</jats:p

Growth performance and meat quality of rice fed broiler and native chicken genotypes in Bangladesh

The study was conducted on growth and meat quality attributes of rice fed broiler and native chicken genotypes under intensive rearing. A total 360 DOC from two genotypes were reared in a common brooder house. The diet samples were divided into three treatment groups viz. T1 - corn (0% rice), T2 -50% corn replaced by rice and T3 -100% corn replaced by rice. Data were analyzed using 2×3 factorial design. Broiler showed significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher growth performance as compared to native chicken. Cooking and drip loss were significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher in broiler whearas WHC, ultimate pH and cooked pH were significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher in native chicken breast meat. The diet had a significant (p&lt;0.01) effect on water holding capacity (WHC) but the highest WHC% was found in T1 treatment. The CIE L*, a*, b*, was significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher in broiler. The interaction between genotype and diet was found significantly (p&lt;0.05) different in b* in breast and thigh meat; L*, b* in drumstick meat; a* in liver, respectively. The L* and b* were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in broiler drumstick meat. The L* and a* values were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in liver of broilers. Significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher tenderness and juiciness were found in broiler breast meat than native chicken. This study provides an important insight on growth performance and meat quality of rice fed broiler and native chicken genotypes. Hence, rice could be used as alternative to corn in chicken ration.</jats:p

PENERAPAN METODE BERNYANYI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN SIKAT GIGI PADA PESERTA DIDIK USIA 5-6 TAHUN DI TK AISYIYAH BUSTANUL ATHFAL II PERUMNAS CABANG KARUNRUNG KOTA MAKASSAR

Knowledge about brushing teeth is important for early childhood to be able to maintain dental and oral hygiene from an early age. Knowledge about brushing teeth starting from the importance of brushing teeth to how to brush teeth needs to be taught from the beginning which will be useful for children's oral and dental health. Therefore, it is important to do the right stimulation, one of which is using the singing method so that children aged 5-6 years can quickly realize the importance of brushing their teeth and know how to brush their teeth properly and correctly. This community service research in the form of service learning was conducted at Aisyiyah Kindergarten Bustanul Athfal ll Perumnas Karunrung Branch with a total of 3 participants. The instrument used was a checklist sheet and an evaluation sheet for the implementation of the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the service research show that students have knowledge of brushing their teeth through the singing method. The findings in this devotional research imply that teachers can use various fun methods such as singing in teaching children about brushing their teeth so that children can also apply it in a fun way without being forced.</jats:p

Assessment of calibration coefficient ND, W in terms of absorbed dose-to-water of some ionization chambers

The absorbed dose-to-water calibration coefficients ND,W of some ionization chambers were determined in terms of the secondary standard chambers in 60Co gamma-ray beam based on the TRS-398 protocol. The reference absorbed dose-to-water Dw were measured using secondary standard ionization chambers of model NE 2781#0537 (0.60 cm3 volume) and NE 2771#1205 (0.69 cm3 volume) which are traceable to the dosimetry laboratory of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This study mainly focuses on the comparative assessment of the determined ND,W coefficients of twenty cylindrical ionization chambers from various user groups. The determined ND,W coefficients were compared with the manufacturer provided ND,W coefficients. The observed percentage of deviation between the measured and the manufacturer’s ND,W coefficients among all the chambers were found to be in the range of 0.019% and -2.263% as the least and highest, respectively. The observed percentage of deviations for studied chambers were found within the IAEA’s acceptance limit of 1.5% with an exception for three chambers. This observed discrepancy with the IAEA’s acceptance limit for the three chambers out of the twenty chambers, indicates the calibration necessity before using chambers in routine reference dosimetry. In ND,W measurement, the uncertainty Uc is reported with the coverage factor k=1 that providing a level of confidence of approximately 68%.</jats:p

Effect of storage periods on the quality and shelf life of beef liver at refrigerated temperature

The current study investigated the quality and shelf life of beef liver storage under refrigerated temperature (4°C). For this purpose, raw beef liver sample was divided into five treatments groups as T1 (day 1or control), T2 (day 2), T3 (day 3), T4 (day 4) and T5 (day 5). Sensory attributes, proximate composition, pH value, cooking loss, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (POV) and microbial load such as total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC) and total yeast mould count (TYMC) analysis were carried out for each treatment. The results show that color, odor, juiciness, and tenderness were significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased with increase the storage periods. Dry matter and ash contents were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased, whereas, crude protein and either extract were decreased with increase storage periods. Consequently, the cooking loss (%), FFA and POV values were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased, while pH value was significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased with the increase of storage periods. Moreover, TVC (log CFU/g), TCC (log CFU/g), and TYMC (log CFU/g) were also showed significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher value for T3 and T5 compared to T1 . These findings suggest that shelf life of raw beef liver at refrigeration temperature (4°C) may be maximum three days with minor changes of quality.</jats:p

DRAG ANALYSIS OF AERODYNAMIC BRAKING SYSTEM FOR THE HYPERLOOP POD

This research presents the results of the aerodynamic brake plates mounted on the hyperloop pod, on a fluid flow field, and overall braking force under the same velocity with different angle deployment of the brake plates. Aerodynamic brake plates are designed to generate the braking force by increasing the aerodynamic drag when It was deployed against the fluid flow, in this research three plates are used one is a horizontal plate mounted on the roof of the pod and the remaining two are vertical plates which are mounted on the left and right side of the hyperloop pod. In this research to develop the case studies different combinations of angle deployment of the brake plates are used, the sixteen cases of hyperloop pods with different angle deployment of brake plates are designed by using CATIA VR-6R. the flow simulation was made by Ansys CFX software for sixteen cases of the pods with different angle deployment of the brake plates under the same velocity. This research founds that the aerodynamic drag force is a function of angle deployment of the brake plates under the same velocity, drag force can increase or decrease by changing the angles of the brake plates. the result shows that 2.4 times of drag force increased for a fully deployed angle of attack of the brake plates when compared with the the same pod with no brake plates shows us that employing the brake plate increases the drag force This outcome will provide a major contribution to the development of the aerodynamic braking system of the hyperloop pod. KEYWORDS: hyperloop pod, aerodynamic drag, 𝑘 − 𝜔 model, aerodynamic brake</jats:p

Quality of spent hen sausages incorporated with bee honey

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of bee honey on the sensory, physicochemical and biochemical properties of spent hen sausages. For this purpose, sausages were prepared into four different groups. They were as follows: broiler breast meat sausage without bee honey, spent hen breast meat sausage without bee honey, spent hen breast meat sausage with 2% bee honey and spent hen breast meat sausage with 4% bee honey. All parameters were analyzed at 0, 15thand 30thdays of storage time. Significant differences were found in pH, the percentages of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE), while no significant differences were found inthe percentageof cookingloss andash of sausage batter. While analyzing the different types of sausages, CP, ash and EE content of all treatments differ significantly (p&lt;0.05). In contrast, CP and EE content increased significantly (p&lt;0.01), while ash content decreased significantly (p&lt;0.01) with the advancement of different days of intervals. The FFA, POV and TBARS values were increased significantly (p&lt;0.01) with prolonging the storage time. Lightness (L*)and yellowness (b*)did not differ among different sausages and time of intervals. Redness (a*)wassignificantly higher in broiler breast meat sausages without bee honey. Redness increased significantly with the advancement of different days of intervals.Flavor and overall acceptability were found significantly lowerin spent henbreast meat sausage without bee honey.Bee honey increased the flavor, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability of spent hen breast meat sausages similar to broiler breast meat sausage. Although no significant differences were found among broiler breast meat sausage without bee honeyandspent hen sausages with 2% or 4% bee honey, but overall acceptability was higher in spent hen sausages with 4% bee honey.</jats:p