Kenya in Motion 2000-2020

This edited volume offers a broad understanding and particular visions of Kenya in the first quarter of the twenty-first century. By bringing together rigorous yet accessible contributions, it shows how, since the 2002 transition, Kenya has been striving for change through economic modernisation and political liberalisation. The planned transformations are coming to fruition, even if the legacies of the past and political habits are slowing down the process. The various chapters take us from developmental capitalism to extreme poverty and enduring inequalities, from reforms on paper to mixed results in multiple sectors: decentralised governance, natural resources, land, and education. They also explore Kenya’s ancient and colonial history and the diversity of its population. Thus, the book helps understand contemporary political, religious and community cleavages, the asymmetries between towns and the countryside, between Nairobi and the coast, in a country open to the world, as much through trade and finance as through art networks.Cet ouvrage offre une saisie synthétique et des visions particulières du Kenya en ce premier quart du XXIe siècle. Il rassemble des contributions rigoureuses et accessibles pour montrer comment, depuis l’alternance de 2002, le Kenya s’efforce de changer par la modernisation économique et la libéralisation politique. Les transformations annoncées voient le jour, même si les legs du passé et les habitus politiques en ralentissent la marche. Les différents chapitres nous mènent du capitalisme développemental kényan à la grande pauvreté et aux inégalités vivaces, des réformes sur le papier aux mises en œuvre en demi-teinte dans de multiples secteurs : gouvernance décentralisée, ressources naturelles, foncier, éducation. L’histoire ancienne et coloniale, la diversité du peuplement au Kenya permettent de mieux comprendre les clivages politiques, religieux et communautaires, les asymétries entre villes et campagnes, entre Nairobi et la côte, dans un Kenya ouvert sur le monde, autant par le commerce et la finance que par les réseaux de l’art

Le Kenya en marche, 2000-2020

Cet ouvrage offre une saisie synthétique et des visions particulières du Kenya en ce premier quart du XXIe siècle. Il rassemble des contributions rigoureuses et accessibles pour montrer comment, depuis l’alternance de 2002, le Kenya s’efforce de changer par la modernisation économique et la libéralisation politique. Les transformations annoncées voient le jour, même si les legs du passé et les habitus politiques en ralentissent la marche. Les différents chapitres nous mènent du capitalisme développemental kényan à la grande pauvreté et aux inégalités vivaces, des réformes sur le papier aux mises en œuvre en demi-teinte dans de multiples secteurs : gouvernance décentralisée, ressources naturelles, foncier, éducation. L’histoire ancienne et coloniale, la diversité du peuplement au Kenya permettent de mieux comprendre les clivages politiques, religieux et communautaires, les asymétries entre villes et campagnes, entre Nairobi et la côte, dans un Kenya ouvert sur le monde, autant par le commerce et la finance que par les réseaux de l’art.This edited volume offers a broad understanding and particular visions of Kenya in the first quarter of the twenty-first century. By bringing together rigorous yet accessible contributions, it shows how, since the 2002 transition, Kenya has been striving for change through economic modernisation and political liberalisation. The planned transformations are coming to fruition, even if the legacies of the past and political habits are slowing down the process. The various chapters take us from developmental capitalism to extreme poverty and enduring inequalities, from reforms on paper to mixed results in multiple sectors: decentralised governance, natural resources, land, and education. They also explore Kenya’s ancient and colonial history and the diversity of its population. Thus, the book helps understand contemporary political, religious and community cleavages, the asymmetries between towns and the countryside, between Nairobi and the coast, in a country open to the world, as much through trade and finance as through art networks

Primary sarcoma of the breast in the young Rwandan females

peer reviewedPrimary breast sarcoma (PBS) is a very rare disease with an annual incidence estimated to 45 cases per million. It rises from breast connective tissue and constitutes highly recurrent tumors with poor prognosis. The management of the primary breast sarcoma relies on the tumor size, histology, and requires a multidisciplinary approach. In sub-Saharan Africa PBS was very rarely reported. We are reporting here on two cases. The two cases observed in our settings were young women who presented with high-grade sarcoma showing an aggressive form, a very fast recurrence and worse prognosis within few months following the diagnosis.PhD Project: ' Screening for Breast cancer in Rwanda by using Genomic approache

Traduction de la parole dans le projet RAPMAT

Le projet RAPMAT vise à développer des systèmes de traduction de la parole en s'intéressant aux deux traitements constitutifs de la chaîne compl\ète : la reconnaissance de la parole (RAP) et la traduction (TA). Dans la situation classique, les modèles statistiques utilisés par les deux systèmes sont estimés indépendemment, à partir de données de différentes natures (transcriptions manuelles de données de parole pour la RAP et corpus bilingues issus de données textuelles pour la TA). Nous proposons une approche semi-supervisée pour l'adaptation des modèles de traduction à la traduction de parole, dans laquelle les modèles de TA sont entraînés en intégrant des transcriptions manuelles et automatiques de la parole traduites automatiquement. L'approche est expérimentée sur la direction de traduction français vers anglais. Un prototype de démonstration sur smartphones, incluant notamment la traduction de parole pour les paires de langues français/anglais et français/chinois a été développé pour permettre la collecte de données

Traduction de la parole dans le projet RAPMAT

International audienc

Prevalence of Histological Characteristics of Breast Cancer in Rwanda in Relation to Age and Tumor Stages

peer reviewedBreast cancer is a complex disease, and it is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the clinical characteristics and tumor profiles of breast cancer are still unknown. In the present study we aimed to determine breast tumor profiles of the Rwandan patients in relation to age and tumor stages. We compare our findings to related results from other sub-Saharan Africa studies. Data on age at diagnosis, tumor stage, and hormonal profiles of 138 patients diagnosed between January 2015 and December 2018 were retrospectively retrieved from electronic medical records at three referral hospitals in Rwanda. We compared our results to related findings reported in other Sub-Saharan African countries. All statistical analyses were done using SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, version 20 and R software languages. The mean age at diagnosis was 49.7 years (SD = 13) and ranged from 17 to 86 years. The majority of patients (57.2%) were diagnosed before 50 years of age compared with 42.8% aged > 50 years. Tumor stage III was the commonest accounting for 62% followed by stage II with 24.8%. The distribution of breast tumor subtypes was ER−, PR−, HER2−: 37.7%; ER+, PR+, HER2−: 31.2%; ER−, PR−, HER2+: 14.5%; ER+, PR+, HER2+: 5.1%; and other subtypes represented 11.6%. There was no statistically significant difference in age and tumor stages between the molecular subtypes. Our findings revealed the predominance of hormonal negative tumors among Rwandan patients with breast cancer. Triple negative was found to be the most common breast tumor subtype regardless of age and tumor stage. Larger prospective studies could examine genetics and environmental factors that may play a role in the differences of tumor characteristics in Sub-Saharan populations. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

Low incidence of SARS-CoV-2, risk factors of mortality and the course of illness in the French national cohort of dialysis patients

International audienceThe aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 disease in the French national population of dialysis patients, their course of illness and to identify the risk factors associated with mortality. Our study included all patients on dialysis recorded in the French REIN Registry in April 2020. Clinical characteristics at last follow-up and the evolution of COVID-19 illness severity over time were recorded for diagnosed cases (either suspicious clinical symptoms, characteristic signs on the chest scan or a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 1,621 infected patients were reported on the REIN registry from March 16th, 2020 to May 4th, 2020. Of these, 344 died. The prevalence of COVID-19 patients varied from less than 1% to 10% between regions. The probability of being a case was higher in males, patients with diabetes, those in need of assistance for transfer or treated at a self-care unit. Dialysis at home was associated with a lower probability of being infected as was being a smoker, a former smoker, having an active malignancy, or peripheral vascular disease. Mortality in diagnosed cases (21%) was associated with the same causes as in the general population. Higher age, hypoalbuminemia and the presence of an ischemic heart disease were statistically independently associated with a higher risk of death. Being treated at a selfcare unit was associated with a lower risk. Thus, our study showed a relatively low frequency of COVID-19 among dialysis patients contrary to what might have been assumed