Financial religious social functions of akhilik on the light of futuwwa

Dünya dinleri ile iktisadi sistemler arasında kurulabilecek ilişkiyi, Protestan inancı ile kapitalizm bağlamında dile getiren Weber, kapitalist ekonomi sisteminin oluşumunu ideal tipler aracılığıyla izah etmeye çalışmaktadır. Weber, Protestanlık inancının barındırdığı Rasyonel ideal tipinin yansıması olarak görülebilecek araçsal-akılcı ve amaçsal-akılcı eylemlerin süreklilik arz ettiği sürece, toplumsal oluşumların da buna göre belirli bir kalıp içinde ifade edilebileceği dile getirmektedir. Böylelikle ideal tip kavramlarının, tarihsel tekliğe sahip kapitalizmin tecessümünü mümkün kıldığı gibi, evrensel bir nedensellik olarak nitelik kazanabileceği de iddia edilmektedir. Weber'in bu noktada eylem tipleri ve toplumsal sonuçlar arasında kurduğu korelasyon, indirgemeci yaklaşımının ürünüdür. Toplumların tarihi özgüllüklerinin ve kavramlara yüklediği anlamların farklılığı, bahsi geçen ideal tipler ile tanımlanmasına imkân vermemektedir. Weber, İslam ülkelerinde kapitalizmin gelişememesinin nedenini, patrimonyal yapıya, hukuk, yönetim ve işletme alanlarındaki rasyonel düşünüşün eksikliğiyle birlikte sivil toplum algısındaki farklılığa dayandırır. Bu yönüyle İslam toplumlarında değersel-akılsal eylem tiplerinin görüldüğüne atıfta bulunur. Batı etnosantrik düşünüşünün yansıması olarak Doğuya biçilen yokluklar üzerinden sahip olduğu zihinsel üstünlüğünün ilerleme ile ilişkilendirilerek Protestan inancına bağlanması, oryantalist bakışın ürünüdür. Kökleri İslam öncesine kadar götürülebilecek "Feta" kavramı, İslam sonrasında "isar" kavramıyla ilişkilendirilerek Tasavvufi mecrada "Fütüvvetlik" olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Ahîlik, Anadolu'nun İslamlaşması aşamasında sosyo-kültürel ve iktisadi fonksiyonlar üstlenmiş, Fütüvvet'in meslek alanındaki yansımasını oluşturmaktadır. Ahîliğin, dini ahlak anlayışı, zihinsel düşünüşü ve sosyo-iktisadi argümanlarını içeren fütüvvetna-melerden yola çıkılarak anlaşılamaya çalışılması tarih, sosyoloji, iktisat disiplinlerinin ele alınmasını gerektirmiştir. Ahiliğin ilişkili olduğu Osmanlı iktisadi sistemi, toplumsal zihni yapısı, Ahîliğin ontolojik yapısı bağlamında ele alındığında kapitalleşmeme nedenlerinin bireysellikten öte sosyal adaleti önceleyen iktisadi doktrinine dayandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Kapitalizmin gelişiminin, Weber'in yukarıda ifade ettiği ideal tiplerden ziyade sömürgecilik, bireyselleşme, sekülerizm, aydınlanma ve reform hareketlerinden kaynaklandığı görülmektedir. Osmanlı'nın gerilemesinin sebeplerinin dünyada meydana gelen olaylarla ilişkilendirilebileceği söylenebilir.Weber who expresses the relation between world religions and financial systems on the extent of Protestant belief and capitalism He tries to explain existence of capitalist economy with the ideal types He says as the reflection of rational-ideal type: As long as instrumental-rational and intentional-rational actions continue social formation can be defined according to that structure. So ideal type concepts make it possible to result in capitalism which has historical unity and he claims that as universal causality it can be qualified. At this point Weber's action types and correlation between the social results is the production of reductionist approach. The diversity of societies' historical specificity and concepts make it possible to define the ideal types. Weber depends the reason of undevelopment of capitalism in the Islamic countries on the patrimonial structure, law management and lack of national thinking with nongovernmental perception diversity. At this point he refers the existence of moral/rational action types. As the reflection of the West ethnocentric idea, it can be said on the poverty that appraised to the East, the mental superiority's relating to the progress connecting to the Protestant belief is a product of orientalist view. The roots of Feta concept, dates back to the pre Islamic era. After Islam it was related to the "Isar" concept and started to be used as "Futuwwa " in the channel of Tasavvuf. Akhilik in the progress of accepting Islam in Anatolia, takes responsibilities as social cultural, financial. It caused the reflection of business area. The religious comprehension of Akhilik consists of mental thinking and socio-economic arguments. Thanks to this, it had to be reevaluated with the disciplines such as history, sociology, economics. The Ottoman economic system covering Akhilik when it is compared within Akhilik ontological structural concept, the reason of why Ottoman not affected by the capitalism is not because of the individualism but because of the doctrine that gives priority to social justice. The reason development of Capitalism rather than the ideal types that Weber mentions above, it is because of colonialism, individualism, secularism, lightening and reform actions. It can be said that The Ottoman's decline reasons are the events that happen throughout the world

Long-Term Results of Punctal Plug Applied to Dry Eye Patients

Purpose: The evaluation of long-term results of punctal plugs applied to dry eye patients and the potential problems they may bring about. Material and Method: In this study, we retrospectively assessed 30 eyes of 15 patients with moderate to advanced dry eyes who were applied punctal plug (5 mm) for treatment purpose and were observed for 12 months. The patients’ Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI ) scoring, Schimer-1 test (without topical anesthesia), tear film break-up time (TBUT) and ocular surface staining with fluorescein results were evaluated and compared before and after 6- and 12-month use of punctal plug. The patients were started on topical antiinflammatory treatment and artificial tears two months before the application of the punctum plug. Results: The patients’ average age was 56.4±2.3 (range: 36-70) years, and the average follow-up period was 15 (12-30) months. The average OSDI score was statistically significantly decreased at 6 and 12 months when compared to the initial value (p<0.05). The average Schirmer-1 test values measured at 6 and 12 months were also statistically significantly increased compared with the initial value (p<0.05). The average Schirmer-1 test value at 12 months was considerably increased when compared with the 6th month’s value (p<0.05). The average TBUT was statistically significantly increased when compared to the values at 6 and 12 months (p<0.05). When the outcomes of ocular surface staining with fluorescein were evaluated, a significant decrease was seen at 6 and 12 months when compared to the initial value (p<0.05). Discussion: The punctal plug treatment associated with topical anti-inflammatory treatment for moderate and advanced dry eye patients is a reliable method. It decreases the dry eye symptoms and findings in the long term. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2011; 41: 225-9

Evaluating effects of different musical types on depression, sleep quality, mental state and anxiety in stroke patients

Aim: Music’s rehabilitative effects are clear in the literature, but the effect of the music type on the post-stroke patients is not clear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of listening different types of music on depression, sleep quality, mental state and anxiety in post-stroke patients. Material and Methods: The study was conducted prospectively. Thirty post-stroke pateints admitted to Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine at Mustafa Kemal University, were considered for the study. The patients’ depression level, sleep quality, anxiety and cognitive status were evaluated. Subjects were listening music during the rehabilitation program. Subjects were separated as the Eastern Music group (n=10), western music group (n=10) and control group (n=10). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) tests were performed for all subjects twice pre and post- treatment. Results: There was a significant difference in SMMT and BDI within the eastern and Western Music groups (p<0.05). PSQI score decreased an average of 1.4 points within only the Western Music group and it was statistically significant. There was no significance in any of the parameters of the control group. There was no statistical difference between the three groups. Conclusion: Although positive results within groups were found, there was no significant difference among the groups; therefore, music listening independent of the music type has no effect on sleep quality, mood, mental state and anxiety

Evaluating effects of different musical types on depression, sleep quality, mental state and anxiety in stroke patients

Aim: Music’s rehabilitative effects are clear in the literature, but the effect of the music type on the post-stroke patients is not clear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of listening different types of music on depression, sleep quality, mental state and anxiety in post-stroke patients. Material and Methods: The study was conducted prospectively. Thirty post-stroke pateints admitted to Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine at Mustafa Kemal University, were considered for the study. The patients’ depression level, sleep quality, anxiety and cognitive status were evaluated. Subjects were listening music during the rehabilitation program. Subjects were separated as the Eastern Music group (n=10), western music group (n=10) and control group (n=10). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) tests were performed for all subjects twice pre and post- treatment. Results: There was a significant difference in SMMT and BDI within the eastern and Western Music groups (p<0.05). PSQI score decreased an average of 1.4 points within only the Western Music group and it was statistically significant. There was no significance in any of the parameters of the control group. There was no statistical difference between the three groups. Conclusion: Although positive results within groups were found, there was no significant difference among the groups; therefore, music listening independent of the music type has no effect on sleep quality, mood, mental state and anxiety

Evaluating effects of different musical types on depression, sleep quality, mental state and anxiety in stroke patients

Aim: Music’s rehabilitative effects are clear in the literature, but the effect of the music type on the post-stroke patients is not clear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of listening different types of music on depression, sleep quality, mental state and anxiety in post-stroke patients.Material and Methods: The study was conducted prospectively. Thirty post-stroke pateints admitted to Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine at Mustafa Kemal University, were considered for the study. The patients’ depression level, sleep quality, anxiety and cognitive status were evaluated. Subjects were listening music during the rehabilitation program. Subjects were separated as the Eastern Music group (n=10), western music group (n=10) and control group (n=10). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Standardized Mini Mental Test (SMMS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) tests were performed forall subjects twice pre and post- treatment.Results: There was a significant difference in SMMT and BDI within the eastern and Western Music groups (p0.05). PSQI score decreased an average of 1.4 points within only the Western Music group and it was statistically significant. There was no significance in any of the parameters of the control group. There was no statistical difference between the three groups.Conclusion: Although positive results within groups were found, there was no significant difference among the groups; therefore, music listening independent of the music type has no effect on sleep quality, mood, mental state and anxiety

Characteristics of neuropathic pain in patients with diabetes mellitus

AbstractAim: Epidemiological data on the frequency, quantity, and consequences of symptomatic diabetic neuropathy remain poor. We conducted this study to examine the characteristic of neuropathic pain in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).Materials and Methods: Average daily pain intensity was measured using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). Localization of the pain, position that aggravated pain, frequency of the pain, duration of the pain, pain’s influence on daily living activities were examined.Results: The average patient age was 62.56 years and the number of males was 21 (42%). 29 Patients had only DM and 13 patients had hypertension (HT) plus DM, 4 patients had DM+HT+heart disease. The mean of pain according to VAS was 6.86±2.79. Thirtytwo patients defined that the pain affected their daily living activities negatively; 30 patients’ pain localization was lower extremity,12patients’ was upper and lower extremity; mostly pain was aggravated by standing and 40 patients’ pain frequency was as every day; 24 patients’ pain duration was less than 1 year and 18 patients’ was between 1-5 years.Conclusion: Studies on diabetic neuropathy are important drivers to improve the treatment of these patients. Neuropathic pain is considered to be more serious than other types of pain. So patients diagnosed with DM should be examined for neuropathic pain and the treatment plan should include pain decreasing medication and/or neurosurgical interventions