Linguistic and Philosophical Features of Henry Fielding’s Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones

Henry Fielding was one of the great novelists of the 18th century. Today, he is universally acknowledged as a major figure in the development of the novel. His literacy works have been evaluated by many critics. He proved exceptionally controversial and his reputation has variously soared and crashed in the course of three centuries. This study, first, attempts to scrutinize and perfectly judge the real value, essential nature and intrinsic aspects of Fielding’s two classics, Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones. It is claimed that on examining the works of Henry Fielding, concentration should be given to exploring the extent of the foreign influence on his works. Some critics are of the opinion that they are not incorporated within the framework of the picaresque novels. This study underscores the picaresque elements in the two classics, and stresses the similarities and points of resemblance between the English and Spanish picaresque novels. Second, this study examines the various stylistic features of Fielding’s narrative technique, and his use of satire to discuss important concepts such as chastity and charity. Third, it attempts to show Fielding’s philosophy of human nature, and to what extent his writing unfolds the basic philosophical characteristics of the 18th century lines of thinking. It concludes, among other things, that no narrative devices are worked out haphazardly or merely for amusement; rather, they are used for both didactic and artistic purposes. In this sense, then, the mark of shame bestowed by earlier critics on Fielding as intrusive narrator is eliminated on the account that his presence within the text is directed for teaching purposes. Goodness in his philosophy consists of the twin virtues of charity and chastity, and the latter is a symbol of the national control of passion

Gas phase clustering of N2 molecules on to TiO+: Comparison with Ti+ and evidence for the octahedral structure of TiO+(N2)5

A striking difference in the clustering efficiency of Ti+ and TiO+ toward N2 or O2 has been observed in a laser vaporizationhigh pressure mass spectrometric source. Evidence for the magic number n=5 within the sequence TiO+(N2) n is presented. The results are consistent with an octahedral structure for TiO+(N2)5

Experimental and theoretical study of benzene (acetonitrile)(n) clusters, n=1-4

Well-resolved spectra of benzene–acetonitrile binary clustersBAn, with n=1–4 have been obtained by the (one-color) resonant two-photonionization technique using the benzene’s B2u←A1g 000 and 610 resonances. The spectra reveal a rapid increase in complexity with the number of acetonitrile molecules in the cluster, associated with van der Waal modes and isomeric forms. While only single cluster origins are found for the benzene–acetonitrile (BA) and the BA2clusters, two and four distinct isomers are identified for the BA3 and BA4clusters, respectively. The origins of the BA and BA2clusters are blueshifted with respect to the free benzene molecule by 38 cm−1 and 26 cm−1, respectively. Monte Carlo(MC) simulations reveal two types of isomeric structures of the BAnclusters. The clusters containing an even number of the acetonitrile molecules (BA2, BA4, and BA6) are dominated by acetonitrile anti-parallel paired dimers. The BA3cluster consists of a cyclic acetonitrile trimer parallel to the benzene ring. In the BA5clusters, the acetonitrile molecules are assembled in a cyclic trimer + a paired dimer configuration or in two paired dimers + a single monomer structure. The R2PI spectra, in conjunction with the MC structural models and simple energetic arguments, provide a reasonably compelling picture of the spectroscopic and dynamical phenomena associated with dipole pairing molecular cluster systems

Community Foundations: Egypt

This paper deals with community foundations in Egyp

Termolecular proton transfer reactions assisted by ionic hydrogen bond formation: Reactions of aromatic cations with polar molecules

We present a new method that applies resonant‐two‐photon ionization to generate reactant ions selectively in the source of a high‐pressure mass spectrometer (R2PI‐HPMS) for kinetic and equilibrium studies. Applications to reactions that would be obscured otherwise in a complex system are illustrated in mixtures of benzene with polar solvent molecules (S). We observe a novel type of proton transferreactions from C6H6 +• to two S molecules where S=CH3CN, CH3OH, C2H5OH and CH3COOC2H5, and from C6H5CH3 +• to two S molecules where S=CH3OH and C2H5OH to form protonated solvent S2H+ dimers. The reactions are driven by the strong hydrogen bonds in the S2H+ dimers and therefore require the formation of the hydrogen bond concertedly with proton transfer, to make the process energetically feasible. The adducts (C6H6 +•)S are observed with blocked solvent molecules where the subsequent switching reaction to yield S2H+ is slow, but not with alcohol reactants that can form hydrogen‐bonded chains that facilitate fast subsequent proton extraction. Correspondingly, kinetic simulations suggest that the mechanism proceeds through (C6H6 +•)S+S→S2H++C6H5 • and C6H6 +•+2S→S2H++C6H5 •reactions, respectively. The rate coefficients of these reactions are in the range 10−13−10−12 cm3 s−1 for the reaction through a bimolecular switching channel and in the range 10−26−10−28 cm6 s−1 for reaction through a direct termolecular proton extraction mechanism. The relation to energetics and reactant structure is examined

Characterisation of 3D printed sand moulds using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography

Purpose – Micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (CT) can be used to quantitatively evaluate the packing density, pore connectivity andvprovide the basis for specimen derived simulations of gas permeability of sand mould. This non-destructive experiment or following simulations can be done on any section of any size sand mould just before casting to validate the required properties. This paper aims to describe the challenges of this method and use it to simulate the gas permeability of 3D printed sand moulds for a range of controlling parameters. The permeability simulations are compared against experimental results using traditional measurement techniques. It suggests that a minimum volume of only 700 700 700 mm3 is required to obtain, a reliable and most representative than the value obtained by the traditional measurement technique, the simulated permeability of a specimen. Design/methodology/approach – X-ray tomography images were used to reconstruct 3D models to simulate them for gas permeability of the 3D printed sand mould specimens, and the results were compared with the experimental result of the same. Findings – The influence of printing parameters, especially the re-coater speed, on the pore connectivity of the 3D printed sand mould and related permeability has been identified. Characterisation of these sand moulds using X-ray CT and its suitability, compared to the traditional means, are also studied. While density and 3PB strength are a measure of the quality of the moulds, the pore connectivity from the tomographic images precisely relates to the permeability. The main conclusions of the present study are provided below. A minimum required sample size of 700 700 700 mm3 is required to provide representative permeability results. This was obtained from sand specimens with an average sand grain size of 140 mm, using the tomographic volume images to define a 3D mesh to run permeability calculations. Z-direction permeability is always lower than that in the X-/Ydirections due to the lower values of X-(120/140 mm) and Y-(101.6 mm) resolutions of the furan droplets. The anisotropic permeability of the 3D printed sand mould is mainly due to, the only adjustable, X-directional resolution of the furan droplets; the Y-directional resolution is a fixed distance, 102.6 mm, between the printhead nozzles and the Z-directional one is usually, 280 mm, twice the size of an average sand grain.A non-destructive and most representative permeability value can be obtained, using the computer simulation, on the reconstructed 3D X-ray tomography images obtained on a specific location of a 3D printed sand mould. This saves time and effort on printing a separate specimen for the traditional test which may not be the most representative to the printed mould. Originality/value – The experimental result is compared with the computer simulated results

Editorial: Recent breakthroughs in the decoding of circulating nucleic acids and their applications to human diseases

© 2023 El-Daly, Talaat, Braoudaki, Youness and Cho. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).Peer reviewe

EFFECT OF STRAIN, SEASON AND BREEDER'S AGE ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR LAYER DEAD EMBRYO

The effect of breederʼs strain (Hy-line Brown and Hy-line White W36) flock aged (28, 36, 46, 55, 66 weeks of age) and breeding season on some physiological measurements in egg, demand organs, dead supply organs and lymphoid organs were examined. At each age, 10 unhatched eggs from each genotype were examined on embryo weight percentage, Chorioallotoic  weight %, albumen pH %, yolk pH %, residual yolk %, pectoral  muscles weight %, hatch muscles weight %, heart, liver, lunges, spleen, burse weight percentage. There was a significant difference between layer breeder genotypes for lunges weight percentage the brown was higher (0.84) than the white (0.62). The breeding season had a significant effect on heart, liver, lunges weight percentages in winter higher than summer but yolk pH and residual yolk the summer higher than the winter. Breeder's age significant effect on embryo weight percentage, Chorioallotoic weight %, albumen pH %, yolk pH%, residual yolk %, hatch muscles weight % heart, liver, lunges and burse weight percentage.  It could be observed that the genetic differences among layer breeder strain and age of breeders can affect the hatchery performance. Additionally, handling of hatching eggs and incubation management can play a major role to overcome numerous hatching problems. In turn, increasing the production of table eggs and achieves the balance between supply and demand of that strategic commodity in Egyptian market

Redox linked flavin sites in extracellular decaheme proteins involved in microbe-mineral electron transfer

Extracellular microbe-mineral electron transfer is a major driving force for the oxidation of organic carbon in many subsurface environments. Extracellular multi-heme cytochromes of the Shewenella genus play a major role in this process but the mechanism of electron exchange at the interface between cytochrome and acceptor is widely debated. The 1.8 Å x-ray crystal structure of the decaheme MtrC revealed a highly conserved CX8C disulfide that, when substituted for AX8A, severely compromised the ability of S. oneidensis to grow under aerobic conditions. Reductive cleavage of the disulfide in the presence of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) resulted in the reversible formation of a stable flavocytochrome. Similar results were also observed with other decaheme cytochromes, OmcA, MtrF and UndA. The data suggest that these decaheme cytochromes can transition between highly reactive flavocytochromes or less reactive cytochromes, and that this transition is controlled by a redox active disulfide that responds to the presence of oxygen