Effect of the value of x in NH4F·xHF on the digestion of plasma-dissociated zircon

Ammonium acid fluoride (NH4F·xHF) has been identified as an alternative fluorinating agent for zircon, and may provide a method by which a wide variety of anhydrous metal fluorides can be synthesized. Data on the kinetics of the reaction of NH4F·xHF with plasma-dissociated zircon, combined with the thermodynamic parameters, are essential for the development of an industrial process for the production of a precursor for the manufacture of zirconium metal, viz. anhydrous ZrF4. The reaction yields (NH4)3ZrF7(s) and (NH4)2SiF6(s), the latter forming volatile products at relatively low temperatures, affording easy separation of silicon from the zirconium compound. Another useful aspect of the process is the possibility of recycling, since the ammonia and hydrogen fluoride in the waste stream can be recombined, making them available for re-use as the acid fluoride. It was found that the reaction constant k’’ varies exponentially with temperature at a set value of x, but linearly with changes in x at a set temperature. The activation energy for the digestion is between 20 and 47 kJ.mol-1 for thevalues of x investigated.The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (SOC) Ltd. through the Advanced Metals Initiative (AMI) of the Department of Science and Technology of South Africa.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijimpro2017-02-28hb2016Chemical Engineerin

Experimental studies with Strongyloides papillosus in goats

Unusual clinical and pathological observations in the field in goats and sheep suffering from Strongyloides papillosus infection prompted experimental work on this parasite. Goats were infected percutaneously with either single or multiple, low or high levels of S. papillosus. Young goats up to 12 months of age were found to be the most susceptible. Some animals, however, showed substantial resistance to infective doses. Clinical signs included transient diarrhoea, misshapen, elongated faecal pellets terminally, dehydration, anorexia, cachexia, gnashing of teeth, foaming at the mouth, anaemia and nervous signs such as ataxia, a wide-based stance, stupor and nystagmus. A 'pushing syndrome' was seen in 22 % of the animals. The pathological changes are described and included enteritis, status spongiosus in the brain, hepatosis leading to rupture of the liver, nephrosis, pulmonary oedema, interstitial pneumonia and pneumonia. About 6 % of the goats died acutely from fatal hepatic rupture. The development of an acquired immunity was determined. The immunity elicited an allergic skin reaction at the application site of larvae or injection sites of larval metabolites. This immunity, however, could be breached by large doses of larvae. The most profound clinicopathological changes induced by the parasites were an anaemia (most pronounced in the young goats) and hypophosphataemia. Trace element analyses provided evidence of Cu, Mn and possibly Se deficiencies in some goats.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat v.9 was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.mn201

Land matters and rural development : 2012

The Deputy Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform announced in April 2012 that land reform changes will be implemented relating to the 'commercial willing-buyer, willing-seller and traditional land tenure property ownership systems.' He indicated that 'a comprehensive database of land ownership, use and control and was ready to move in a "fast-paced" and "aggressive" direction' (Legalbrief Today (2012-04-05)). In spite of the Deputy Minister's optimism, a report published by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR) revealed that the redistribution target of 30% will only be reached in 54 years (Joubert 'Grondplan eers oor 54 jaar bereik' Beeld (2012-05-24) 8).In this note the most important literature, legislation and court decisions are discussed for the period 2011-11-30 to 2012-09-01.am201

Land matters and rural development : 2012(1)

No abstract available.am201

Land matters and rural development : 2010

In some municipal areas, land grabbing was instigated which led to illegal clearing of land and settlement even within wetland areas (Coetzee ‘Jeugliga-hoof deel grond uit’ Beeld (2009-08-11) . In the Tshwane Metro Council area informal settlement seems to be orchestrated in certain mining areas. Although the Council is able to provide land to 29 500 people, land invasions are still a common feature and the Council is constantly embroiled in eviction proceedings (Versluis ‘29 500 kan blyplek kry met plan, hoor hof in uitsettingsaak’ Beeld (2010-03-25) . In Johannesburg people were evicted from derelict buildings without any alternative accommodation. They paid rent for the flats and were unaware that they were illegal occupants (Thakali ‘Red ants evict 1000 from derelict block’ Saturday Star (2010-02-13) A Rural Development and Land Reform General Amendment Bill [B33-2010] was introduced into Parliament. The main purpose of this Bill is to ‘amend certain laws of which the administration, powers and functions have been transferred to the Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform in terms of Proclamation no 44 of 1 July 2009.’ The legislation is amended to reflect the correct names of the Minister, Department and Director-General wherever the amendments are applicable. In this note land the most important measures and court decisions pertaining to restitution, land redistribution, land reform, housing, land use planning, deeds, agriculture and rural development are discussed

Onrus en geweld : 2011

Die SAPD se 2010/2011 Misdaadsverslag van 8 September 2011 stel dat 2 071 487 ernstige misdade in 2010/11 geregistreer is. Die getal weerspieël 'n afname in die regering se teiken (daar was â??n 2.4% afname in vergelyking met die 2 121 887 ernstige misdade wat in die vorige finansiële jaar geregistreer was). Die verhouding ernstige misdade per 100 000 mense het met 3.7% afgeneem (van 4 302.1 tot 4 143.6). Meeste misdaadsyfers van die 2010/11 finansiële jaar het, in vergelyking met die 2009/10 finansiële jaar, gedaal (die volgende ratio statistieke dien as voorbeelde: moord met 6.5%, poging tot moord met 12.2%, roof met verswarende omstandighede met 12%, diefstal van 'n motor of motorfiets met 11.3% en winkeldiefstal met 12.7%). Daar was egter ook 'n aantal misdade wat toegeneem het in hierdie tydperk (bv diefstal uit of van 'n motor met 0.4%, dwelmverwante misdade met 10.2% en bestuur onder die invloed van drank of dwelms met 4.5%). Motorkapings het met 23.6% afgeneem, besigheidsroof het met 0.9% toegeneem terwyl huisroof 'n afname van 10.1% getoon het. Vir die eerste keer sedert SAPD in 1995 tot stand gekom het, het die moordsyfer gedaal tot onder die 16 000 merk. In die 1995/6 finansiële jaar was 26 887 moorde gerapporteer, en in 2010/11 15 940 ('n 40.7% afname, oftewel 'n ratio afname van 53.2%). Dit beteken dat moord afgeneem het met 50% nieteenstaande populasiegroei en verstedeliking, en kan toegeskryf word aan hoë vlakke van sigbare polisiëring, die afname in roof, asook die inhegtenisneming van rowers. Die hoogste ratio gerapporteerde moorde tydens 2010/11 was aangeteken in die Oos Kaap, gevolg deur die Wes Kaap, KwaZulu-Natal en die Vrystaat. Ten opsigte van seksuele misdrywe, was die meeste sake gerapporteer in die Wes-Kaap, gevolg deur die Vrystaat en Noord-Kaap. In hierdie aantekening word maatreëls en hofsake ten aansien waarheid en versoening, veiligheidsdienste, wapens en terrorisme bespreek.nf201

Land matters and rural development : 2013 (2)

Three new Policy Frameworks were published on 23 July 2013 (see Land Reform below). This recent increase in legislative and policy document activity may be linked to the Government's general reconsideration of land reform matters in the light of the centenary of the commencement of the Black Land Act 27 of 1913. Renewed activity within the broad field of land reform is also connected to the developmental approach that has become more pronounced since 2009. The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR) had already decided in 2010 to embark on a comprehensive land audit as it was 'clear that records of who earned what in South Africa; where, and what proportion of this belonged to the State, ... were uncoordinated, inadequate and incomplete'. The State Land Audit gathered information relating to the identity of the owner as well as that of the occupier/user, the rights to the land, its current usage, and the buildings and improvements existing on the land concerned. Registered state land is defined as land owned by the state (national, provincial, municipal and parastatals) and registered in the Deeds Registrar's Office as such.am201

Onrus en geweld : 2013 (2)

In die loop van Augustus 2013 het die Departement van Basiese Onderwys en die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens (SAPD) 'n ooreenkoms gesluit wat geweld in skole moet voorkom. Die oorspronklike ooreenkoms is reeds in 1 April 2011 onderteken, maar in Augustus 2013 is dit weer om simboliese redes onderteken. Die oorhoofse oogmerk van die ooreenkoms is om veiligheid in en by skole landwyd te bevorder. Hoe veiliger die skole, hoe meer positief is die omgewing vir leer en onderrig om in plaas te vind. Die ooreenkoms betrek alle leerders, ouers, polisielede en onderwysers om saam te werk om 'n veilige omgewing vir skoolgaande kinders te skep. Volgens mediaberigte wil dit voorkom asof kinderprostitusie toeneem.am201

Land matters and rural development : 2011

In this note on land, the most important measures and court decisions pertaining to restitution, land redistribution, land reform, housing, land use planning, deeds, sectional titles, agriculture and rural development are discussed

Onrus en geweld : 2012

Suid-Afrika is tans 127ste uit 158 lande op 'n wêreldvredesindeks (www.visionofhumanity.org). In ses jaar het Suid-Afrika 29 plekke gedaal. Die indeks kyk onder meer na militêre besteding, geweld en respek vir menseregte. Suid-Afrika se buurlande (buiten Zimbabwe) lê onder die eerste 60 lande (sien ook Meyer 'SA val ver op vredesindeks' Beeld (2012-06-26) 13). Verskeie vorme van geweld het in die verslagtyd voorgekom, waarvan die opspraakwekkendste geweld die van stakers in die Marikana-gebied was. Verskeie stakings landwyd het daarna gevolg (Anon 'Mining unrest not symptom of inequality' Mail and Guardian (2010-09-27) 2; Steyn 'Rand in free fall as investors flee over strike unrest' http://mg/co/za/article/2012-10-08-rand-in-free-fall-as-investors-flee-overstrike-unrest (datum van gebruik 2012-10-09)). Bendegeweld het ook voorgekom en die hulp van die verdedigingsmag is gevra om bendegeweld in die Wes-Kaap onder bedwang te bring (Styan 'Bendes: SAPD kap Zille' Beeld (2012-07-11) 4). Verskeie plaasmoorde het voorgekom en die landelike gemeenskappe het gevra dat die regering hulle veiligheidsplanne vir die gebiede begin implementeer (Van der Walt 'Stel landelike veiligheidsplan nou in, vra AgriSA' Beeld (2012-06-26) 8).am201