Gender differences in COVID-19 infection. The estrogen effect on upper and lower airways. Can it help to figure out a treatment?

Epidemiologic evidence from the first large-scale studies suggests that males are more se- verely affected than females by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). They present worse outcomes, require longer hospitalization time and have a higher mortality rate when compared with women. Scientists have speculated that female hormones, especially estrogen, could explain the better outcomes and the higher resistance to the virus observed in women. This higher resistance is due to the systemic and local effect of female hormones on the different cells. In particular, estrogens stimulate the immune system by modulating the function of B cells and improving T-helper 2 cell activity. Based on this evidence, we hypothesize the potential utility of a local nasal spray with low- dose isoflavones from soya (natural estrogen) suspended in a solution with sodium could stimu- late nasal receptor by stopping or reducing the aggressiveness of COVID-19 as already suggested by a previous animal study

Spiral ganglions and speech perception in the elderly. Which turn of the cochlea is the more relevant? a preliminary study on human temporal bones

OBJECTIVES: To identify the cochlear segment in which spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) loss may more severely impact discrimination thresholds. MATERIALS and METHODS: Thirteen temporal bones from 13 subjects between 55 and 77 years of age were analyzed. The organ of corti was analyzed to identify the loss of hair cells, and the number of SGNs in each cochlear segment were counted. The results of the speech perception test (SPT) and pure tone audiometry (PTA) tests were collected. PTA averages for low and high frequencies were calculated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson, Spearman, and multilinear regression tests were performed. RESULTS: No statistically significant correlation was identified between the patient’s age and number of SGNs. Statistically significant differences were observed between the number of SGNs in the different cochlear segments (one-way ANOVA: p<0.0001) and between poor PTA average and SPT scores (negative correlation) (p=0.03). A statistically significant correlation was identified between the overall number of cochlear SGNs and SPT scores (p=0.02) and between the number of SGNs in cochlear segments I (p=0.04) and II and the SPT score (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We identified that residual SGNs in the basal and middle turns of the cochlea might be determinants of speech perception

Trial Brief of TVA, \u3cem\u3eTVA v. Hill et al\u3c/em\u3e, Civil Action No. 3-76-48

Brief for the defendants in the case of TVA v. Hill et al in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee, Northern Divisio

Post-Trial Brief of Tennessee Valley Authority, \u3cem\u3eTVA v. Hill et al\u3c/em\u3e, Civil Action No. 3-76-48

Post-trial brief for the defendants in the case of TVA v. Hill et al in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee, Northern Division

TVA’s Brief in Reply to Plaintiffs’ Post-Trial Brief, \u3cem\u3eTVA v. Hill et al\u3c/em\u3e, Civil Action No. 3-76-48

Brief for the defendants in response to the plaintiffs\u27 post-trial brief in the case of TVA v. Hill et al in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee, Northern Division

Reply Brief for the Petitioner, \u3cem\u3eTVA v. Hill\u3c/em\u3e, No. 76-1701

Reply brief for the petitioner in the case of Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hiram G. Hill Jr., et al., heard by the United States Supreme Court in the October Term of 1977

Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, \u3cem\u3eTVA v. Hill\u3c/em\u3e, No. 76-1701

Petition requesting that the United States Supreme Court hear an appeal to the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hiram G. Hill Jr., et al.