Comparação de homogeneidade e heteroneneidade de variância residual em modelos de regressão aleatória na descrição do crescimento de ovinos Santa Inês.

Resumo: Utilizaram-se 17.767 registros de pesos de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês com o objetivo de comparar modelos de regressão aleatória com diferentes estruturas para modelar a variância residual. As regressões fixas e aleatórias foram ajustadas por meio de polinômios de Legendre de ordens quatro e três, respectivamente. A variância residual foi ajustada por meio de classes e funções de variâncias. O modelo considerando homogeneidade de variâncias residuais mostrou-se inadequado. De acordo com os critérios utilizados, a variância residual contendo sete classes heterogêneas proporcionou melhor ajuste, embora um mais parcimonioso, com cinco classes, poderia ser utilizado. O ajuste de funções de variâncias com qualquer ordem foi melhor que o obtido por meio de classes, sendo que o polinômio ordinário de ordem seis proporcionou melhor ajuste dentre as estruturas testadas. A modelagem do resíduo interferiu nas estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos. Além da alteração da classificação dos reprodutores, constataramse, também, alterações consideráveis na magnitude dos valores genéticos preditos em função do ajuste da variância residual empregado. Portanto, faz-se necessário a utilização de heterogeneidade de variâncias residuais para modelar as variâncias associadas à curva de crescimento dos ovinos Santa Inês em estudo. Comparison of homogeneity and heterogeneity of residual variance in random regression models in the description of the growth of Santa Inês sheep]. Abstract: Data set of 17,767 records of 4,210 Santa Inês lambs were used aiming to compare random regression models with different structures to fit the residual variance. Fixed and random regressions were fitted by Legendre polynomials of orders four and three, respectively. The residual variance was fitted by classes and functions of variances. The model considering homogeneity of residual variances was inadequate. According to the criteria used, the residual variance containing seven heterogeneous classes provided the best fit, although a more parsimonious one, with five classes, could be used. The fit of variances functions with any order was better than that obtained by classes and the ordinary polynomial of order six provided best fit among the tested structures. The modelling of the residue interfered the estimative of the genetic parameters. Beyond the Change in the classification of the reproducers it was verified alterations in the magnitude of the genetic values predicted as function of the fit of the variance residual studied. Therefore, it is necessary the use of residual heterogeneity variances to model the variances associated to the growth curve of Santa Inês sheep in study

Modeling of average growth curve in Santa Ines sheep using random regression models.

Abstract: Polynomial functions of age of different orders were evaluated in the modeling of the average growth trajectory in Santa Ines sheep in random regression models. Initially, the analyses were performed not considering the animal effect. Subsequently, the random regression analyses were performed including the random effects of the animal and its mother (genetic and permanent environment). The linear fit was lower, and the other orders were similar until near 100 days of age. The cubic function provided the closest fit of the observed averages, mainly at the end of the curve. Orders superior to this one tended to present incoherent behavior with the observed weights. The estimated direct heritabilities, considering the linear fit, were higher to those estimated by considering other functions. The changes in animal ranking based on predicted breeding values using linear fit and superior orders were small; however, the difference in magnitude of the predicted breeding values was higher, reaching values 77% higher than those obtained with the cubic function. The cubic polynomial function is efficient in describing the average growth curve. [Modelagem da curva média de crescimento de ovinos Santa Inês em modelos de regressão aleatória]. Resumo: Funções polinomiais da idade de diferentes ordens foram avaliadas na modelagem da trajetória média de crescimento de ovinos Santa Inês em modelos de regressão aleatória. As análises foram executadas inicialmente desconsiderando o efeito de animal. Posteriormente, as análises de regressão aleatória foram realizadas incluindo-se os efeitos aleatórios de animal e da mãe (genético e de ambiente permanente). O ajuste linear foi inferior, e as demais ordens foram semelhantes até próximo dos 100 dias de idade. A função cúbica proporcionou o ajuste mais próximo das médias observadas, principalmente ao final da curva. Ordens superiores a esta tenderam a apresentar comportamento incoerente com os pesos observados. As herdabilidades diretas estimadas considerando ajuste linear foram superiores às estimadas considerando as demais funções. As mudanças no ordenamento dos animais, com base nos valores genéticos preditos empregando ajuste linear e de ordens superiores, foram pequenas, porém, a diferença na magnitude dos valores genéticos preditos foi maior, chegando a valores 77% maiores que os obtidos com a função cúbica. A função polinomial cúbica é eficiente para descrever a curva média de crescimento

Modelos de regressão aleatória na avaliação genética do crescimento de ovinos da raça Santa Inês.

Utilizaram-se 17.767 registros de peso de 4.210 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês com o objetivo de comparar modelos de regressão aleatória com diferentes estruturas para modelar a variância residual em estudos genéticos da curva de crescimento. Os efeitos fixos incluídos na análise foram: grupo contemporâneo e idade da ovelha no parto. As regressões fixas e aleatórias foram ajustadas por meio de polinômios de Legendre de ordens 4 e 3, respectivamente. A variância residual foi ajustada por meio de classes heterogêneas e por funções de variância empregando polinômios ordinários e de Legendre de ordens 2 a 8. O modelo considerando homogeneidade de variâncias residuais mostrou-se inadequado. De acordo com os critérios utilizados, a variância residual contendo sete classes heterogêneas proporcionou melhor ajuste, embora um mais parcimonioso, com cinco classes, pudesse ser utilizado sem perdas na qualidade de ajuste da variância nos dados. O ajuste de funções de variância com qualquer ordem foi melhor que o obtido por meio de classes. O polinômio ordinário de ordem 6 proporcionou melhor ajuste entre as estruturas testadas. A modelagem do resíduo interferiu nas estimativas de variâncias e parâmetros genéticos. Além da alteração da classificação dos reprodutores, a magnitude dos valores genéticos preditos apresenta variações significativas, de acordo com o ajuste da variância residual empregado. [Random regression models on genetic evaluation on the growth of Santa Inês breed sheep]. Abstract: It was used 17,767 weight records of 4,210 Santa Inês breed lambs aiming to compare random regression models with different structures to model the residual variance in genetic studies of the growth curve. The fixed effects included in the analysis were contemporary group and age of the ewe at lambing. Fixed and random regressions were fitted through Legendry polynomials of orders 4 and 3, respectively. The residual variance was fitted by heterogeneous classes and by functions of variances employing ordinary polynomials and Legendry polynomials of the orders 2 to 8. The model considering homogeneity of residual variances was inadequate. Accordingly to the used criteria, the residual variance containing seven heterogeneous classes provided the best fit, although a more parsimonious one, with five classes, could be used without losses on the quality of variance fit on the data. The fit of functions of variances with any order was better than that obtained through classes. The ordinary polynomial of order 6 provided the best fit among the tested structures. The modeling of the residue interfered on the estimative of the variances and genetic parameters. In addition to changes in the classification of the reproducers, the magnitude of the predicted genetic values shows significant variations, accordingly to the fitting of the used residual variance

Comparação de modelos regressão aleatória para descrição das herdabilidades associadas à curva de crescimento de ovinos Santa Inês.

Resumo - Funções polinomiais da idade de diferentes ordens foram avaliadas na modelagem dos efeitos aleatórios para estimação de herdabilidades associadas à curva de crescimento de ovinos Santa Inês. Os efeitos fixos incluídos nos modelos de análise foram grupo de contemporâneo, a idade da ovelha ao parto e os polinômios de Legendre da idade de ordem quatro para representar a curva média de crescimento. Na parte aleatória, consideraram-se funções de diferentes ordens para modelar as variâncias associadas aos efeitos genéticos aditivos direto e materno e aos efeitos de ambiente permanente de animal e da mãe. A variância residual foi ajustada por meio de um polinômio ordinário da idade de ordem seis. De acordo com o valor do critério AIC e o teste da razão de verossimilhança, uma função contínua com as ordens cinco, cinco, sete e três, respectivamente, para os efeitos genéticos aditivos direto e materno e o ambiente permanente de animal e da mãe (k=5573), foi suficiente para ajustar a variância nos dados. Porém, de acordo com o BIC, o modelo com as ordens três, três, cinco e três, para os mesmos efeitos citados anteriormente (k=3353), proporcionou melhor ajuste nas variâncias, conseqüentemente nas herdabilidades estimadas. As herdabilidades estimadas indicam que a seleção para peso resultará em pequenos ganhos genéticos. [Comparison of random regression models for the description of the heritability associated with the growth curve of Santa Ines sheep]. Abstract - Polynomial functions of age from different orders were evaluated on the modeling of random effects associated with the growth curve of Santa Ines sheep. The fixed effects included in the analysis were contemporary groups, the age of dam at lambing and the Legendre polynomial of age of order four to represent the average growth curve. On the random part, functions of different orders were considered for modeling the variances associated with direct and maternal additive genetic effects and with direct and maternal permanent environmental effects. The residual variance was fitted by an ordinary polynomial of age of order six. According to the value of the criteria AIC and the likelihood ratio test, a continual function with the orders five, five, seven and three, respectively, for the direct and maternal additive genetic effects and direct and maternal permanent environmental effects (k=5573) was enough for fitting the variance on data. However, according to the value of the criterion BIC, the model with the orders three, three, five and three (k=3353), for the same effects above, provided best fit in the variances, consequently in the heritability estimated. The estimated heritabilities indicate that the selection for weight will result in small genetic gain

Patient Centric Pharmaceutical Drug Product Design—The Impact on Medication Adherence

Medication adherence is a growing concern for public health and poor adherence to therapy has been associated with poor health outcomes and higher costs for patients. Interventions for improving adherence need to consider the characteristics of the individual therapeutic regimens according to the needs of the patients. In particular, geriatric and paediatric populations as well as dermatological patients have special needs/preferences that should be considered when designing drug products. Patient Centric Drug Product Pharmaceutical Design (PCDPD) offers the opportunity to meet the needs and preferences of patients. Packaging, orodispersible formulations, fixed dose combinations products, multiparticulate formulations, topical formulations and 3D printing are of particular relevance in a PCDPD process. These will be addressed in this review as well as their impact on medication adherence

Biotransformation of Metal-Rich Effluents and Potential Recycle Applications

In this chapter, it was introduced about the metallurgic effluents, and their potential to be converted into some feasible coproducts for industries. Some possibilities to introduce circular economy in the context of metallurgic effluents, and in the same way, some techniques to promote bioremediation using microorganisms and products from them were also described. Reported studies, as well as some perspectives to use metal-rich effluents in agriculture and soil quality improvement, were also shown. Copper effluents were kept as the main candidate for sustainable use, as a potentially interesting material for circular economy approaches

Asthma in an Urban Population in Portugal: A prevalence study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The prevalence and incidence of asthma are believed to be increasing but research on the true incidence, prevalence and mortality from asthma has met methodological obstacles since it has been difficult to define and diagnose asthma in epidemiological terms. New and widely accepted diagnostic criteria for asthma present opportunities for progress in this field. Studies conducted in Portugal have estimated the disease prevalence between 3% and 15%. Available epidemiological data present a significant variability due to methodological obstacles.</p> <p>Aim</p> <p>To estimate the true prevalence of asthma by gender and age groups in the population of the area covered by one urban Health Centre in Portugal.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>An observational study was conducted between February and July 2009 at the Horizonte Family Health Unit in Matosinhos, Portugal. A random sample of 590 patients, stratified by age and gender was obtained from the practice database of registered patients. Data was collected using a patient questionnaire based on respiratory symptoms and the physician's best knowledge of the patient's asthma status. The prevalence of asthma was calculated by age and gender.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Data were obtained from 576 patients (97.6% response rate). The mean age for patients with asthma was 27.0 years (95% CI: 20.95 to 33.16). This was lower than the mean age for non-asthmatics but the difference was not statistically significant. Asthma was diagnosed in 59 persons giving a prevalence of 10.24% (95% CI: 8.16 to 12.32). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of asthma by gender.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The prevalence of asthma found in the present study was higher than that found in some studies, though lower than that found in other studies. Further studies in other regions of Portugal are required to confirm these findings.</p

BRS A502: cultivar de arroz de terras altas com resistência ao acamamento e grãos de excelente qualidade industrial e culinária.

A Embrapa e parceiros do Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Arroz de Terras Altas, disponibilizam uma nova cultivar de arroz, BRS A502. As principais características são a elevada resistência ao acamamento, ciclo médio, alto potencial produtivo e grãos de excelente qualidade industrial e culinária. BRS A502 é uma cultivar que pode ser utilizada em diversas condições de cultivo, incluindo a rotação e a sucessão de culturas em áreas sob agricultura intensiva (terras velhas) nas principais regiões produtoras do Brasil.bitstream/item/215236/1/CNPAF-2020-CT253.pd

BRS A502: an upland rice cultivar for intensive sustainable cropping systems in the Brazilian Cerrado.

BRS A502 is an upland rice cultivar with a medium cycle, high resistance to lodging, superior yield potential and grains of excellent industrial and cooking quality. The cultivar is indicated for crop rotation and succession in areas under intensive agriculture in the main field crop regions of Brazil.Cultivar release

Intestinal Epithelial Serum Amyloid A Modulates Bacterial Growth In Vitro and Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Mouse Experimental Colitis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein of unknown function. SAA is mostly expressed in the liver, but also in other tissues including the intestinal epithelium. SAA reportedly has anti-bacterial effects, and because inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) result from a breakdown in homeostatic interactions between intestinal epithelia and bacteria, we hypothesized that SAA is protective during experimental colitis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Intestinal SAA expression was measured in mouse and human samples. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis was induced in SAA 1/2 double knockout (DKO) mice and in wildtype controls. Anti-bacterial effects of SAA1/2 were tested in intestinal epithelial cell lines transduced with adenoviral vectors encoding the CE/J SAA isoform or control vectors prior to exposure to live <it>Escherichia coli</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Significant levels of SAA1/SAA2 RNA and SAA protein were detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in mouse colonic epithelium. SAA3 expression was weaker, but similarly distributed. SAA1/2 RNA was present in the ileum and colon of conventional mice and in the colon of germfree mice. Expression of SAA3 was strongly regulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in cultured epithelial cell lines, whereas SAA1/2 expression was constitutive and not LPS inducible. Overexpression of SAA1/2 in cultured epithelial cell lines reduced the viability of co-cultured <it>E. coli</it>. This might partially explain the observed increase in susceptibility of DKO mice to DSS colitis. SAA1/2 expression was increased in colon samples obtained from Crohn's Disease patients compared to controls.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Intestinal epithelial SAA displays bactericidal properties in vitro and could play a protective role in experimental mouse colitis. Altered expression of SAA in intestinal biopsies from Crohn's Disease patients suggests that SAA is involved in the disease process..</p