EFFECT OF AGE AND CLONE ON THE QUALITY OF Eucalyptus spp WOOD AIMING BIOENERGY PRODUCTION

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da idade e clone na qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus spp visando \ue0 produ\ue7\ue3o de carv\ue3o vegetal e bioenergia. Foram avaliados quatro clones de Eucalyptus spp nas idades de 57 e 69 meses. Foram amostradas quatro \ue1rvores por clone em cada idade. Determinou-se a densidade b\ue1sica m\ue9dia, a densidade b\ue1sica no DAP, o poder calor\uedfico superior e os teores de lignina, extrativos totais, cinzas, holocelulose e a an\ue1lise qu\uedmica elementar (C, H, N, S e O). Na avalia\ue7\ue3o do experimento utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em um esquema fatorial 4 x 2. Al\ue9m disso, foi realizada a an\ue1lise multivariada de componentes principais. Observou-se, de maneira geral, efeito da idade na qualidade da madeira. Os teores de cinzas, hidrog\ueanio e nitrog\ueanio tenderam a diminuir com o aumento da idade para todos os clones avaliados. J\ue1 o teor de oxig\ueanio apresentou um acr\ue9scimo com a idade dos clones. O teor de lignina apresentou significativo aumento com a idade, sendo o contr\ue1rio observado para o teor de holocelulose. Os clones de 69 meses apresentaram os maiores teores de lignina, mas n\ue3o os maiores valores para a densidade b\ue1sica da madeira. J\ue1 os clones I144 e I220 apresentaram os maiores valores m\ue9dios para essa caracter\uedstica, o que pode ser ben\ue9fico para a produ\ue7\ue3o de carv\ue3o vegetal.The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of age and clone on the quality of Eucalyptus spp wood aiming the production of charcoal and bioenergy. Four Eucalyptus spp clones at the ages of 57 and 69 months were evaluated. Four trees per clone in each age were evaluated. The average basic density, the basic density at the DBH, higher heating value and contents of lignin, total extractives, ashes, holocellulose an elemental chemica analylsis (C, H, N, S and O) were evaluated. In the evaluation of the assay, and entirely randomized design in the factorial scheme 4 x 2 was used. Besides, a multivariate analysis of main components was made. In general, it was observed effect of age on wood quality. Ash, hydrogen and nitrogen contents tended to diminish with increases in age for all the clones evaluated. However, oxygen content presented an increase with the increase in age of the clones. Lignin content presented significant increase with age increase, being the contrary observed for holocellulose content. The clones at the age of 69 months presented the highest contents of lignin, but the same did not happen for basic density of wood. The clones I144 and I220 had the highest average values for this characteristic, what may be advantageous for charcoal production

MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO EVALUATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC RESIDUES FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION

Na avalia\ue7\ue3o de res\uedduos lignocelul\uf3sicos para a produ\ue7\ue3o de bioenergia \ue9 necess\ue1rio considerar as v\ue1rias caracter\uedsticas e propriedades que podem ser correlacionadas. Este fato demanda o emprego de diversas t\ue9cnicas de an\ue1lise multivariada que possibilitem a avalia\ue7\ue3o dos fatores energ\ue9ticos mais relevantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar as an\ue1lises de agrupamento e componentes principais na sele\ue7\ue3o e avalia\ue7\ue3o de res\uedduos lignocelul\uf3sicos visando \ue0 produ\ue7\ue3o de bioenergia. Foram utilizados 8 tipos de biomassa residual, dos quais foram determinados os teores dos componentes elementares (C, H, O, N, S), os teores de lignina, extrativos totais e cinzas, a densidade b\ue1sica e o poder calor\uedfico superior e inferior. As duas t\ue9cnicas multivariadas empregadas para a avalia\ue7\ue3o e sele\ue7\ue3o de res\uedduos lignocelul\uf3sicos para a produ\ue7\ue3o de energia foram eficientes, sendo observadas similaridades entre os grupos de biomassa formados por elas. Pela interpreta\ue7\ue3o da primeira componente principal obtida, criou-se um \uedndice de desempenho global para avaliar a viabilidade do aproveitamento energ\ue9tico da biomassa. A interpreta\ue7\ue3o da segunda componente principal permitiu um contraste entre os teores de nitrog\ueanio e enxofre e o teor de oxig\ueanio.The evaluation of lignocellulosic wastes for bioenergy production demands to consider several characteristics and properties that may be correlated. This fact demands the use of various multivariate analysis techniques that allow the evaluation of relevant energetic factors. This work aimed to apply cluster analysis and principal components analyses for the selection and evaluation of lignocellulosic wastes for bioenergy production. 8 types of residual biomass were used, whose the elemental components (C, H, O, N, S) content, lignin, total extractives and ashes contents, basic density and higher and lower heating values were determined. Both multivariate techniques applied for evaluation and selection of lignocellulosic wastes were efficient and similarities were observed between the biomass groups formed by them. Through the interpretation of the first principal component obtained, it was possible to create a global development index for the evaluation of the viability of energetic uses of biomass. The interpretation of the second principal component allowed a contrast between nitrogen and sulfur contents with oxygen content

EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF OSB PANELS AS A FUNCTION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

O trabalho teve como objetivo obter modelos estat\uedsticos para a estimativa da umidade de equil\uedbrio de pain\ue9is OSB em fun\ue7\ue3o da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar, assim como tamb\ue9m avaliar o efeito de algumas vari\ue1veis de produ\ue7\ue3o sobre a umidade de equil\uedbrio dos pain\ue9is. O delineamento experimental se constituiu de seis condi\ue7\uf5es de processamento, tr\ueas temperaturas do ar e seis umidades relativas do ar. Nas condi\ue7\uf5es de processamento, foram avaliadas tr\ueas diferentes espessuras das part\uedculas strand (0,4; 0,7 e 1,0 mm), duas densidades aparentes do painel (0,65 e 0,90 g/cm\ub3) e tamb\ue9m tr\ueas n\uedveis de press\ue3o na prensagem dos pain\ue9is (40, 60 e 80 kgf/cm\ub2). Para cada tratamento foram produzidos quatro pain\ue9is com a madeira de Pinus taeda e 6% de adesivo fenol-formalde\ueddo. Na avalia\ue7\ue3o do experimento foi considerado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado disposto em esquema fatorial triplo 6 x 3 x 6, ou seja, 6 vari\ue1veis de produ\ue7\ue3o (condi\ue7\uf5es de processamento), 3 temperaturas do ar (30, 40 e 50\ub0C) e 6 umidades relativas (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90%). As m\ue9dias foram comparadas estatisticamente pelo Teste Scott-Knott em n\uedvel de 5% de signific\ue2ncia. A modelagem da umidade de equil\uedbrio dos pain\ue9is OSB foi realizada mediante o ajuste de modelos polinomiais m\ufaltiplos para cada tratamento. Com base nas medidas de precis\ue3o e nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: 1) recomenda-se a utiliza\ue7\ue3o do modelo UEQ = \u3b20 + \u3b21UR + \u3b22UR\ub2 + \u3b23UR\ub3 + \u3b24Temp + \u3b5 para a estimativa indireta da umidade de equil\uedbrio dos pain\ue9is OSB; 2) A temperatura apresenta influ\ueancia linear na umidade de equil\uedbrio dos pain\ue9is, enquanto que a umidade relativa do ar apresenta comportamento polinomial de terceira ordem, sendo que a umidade relativa do ar influencia de forma mais pronunciada a umidade de equil\uedbrio dos pain\ue9is OSB do que a temperatura ambiente; 3) Quanto ao efeito das vari\ue1veis de produ\ue7\ue3o, a press\ue3o de prensagem de 80 kgf/ cm\ub2 e o aumento da espessura das part\uedculas strand para 1,0 mm de espessura promoveu tend\ueancia de redu\ue7\uf5es nos valores m\ue9dios de umidade de equil\uedbrio dos pain\ue9is OSB. J\ue1 o aumento da densidade do painel promoveu uma tend\ueancia de aumento da umidade de equil\uedbrio dos pain\ue9is OSB; e 4) O uso de modelos polinomiais m\ufaltiplos permite que sejam produzidas curvas de n\uedvel para a obten\ue7\ue3o dos valores de umidade de equil\uedbrio dos pain\ue9is OSB em fun\ue7\ue3o da umidade relativa e da temperatura do local onde o painel esta exposto, se destacando pela sua praticidade de utiliza\ue7\ue3o.The study aimed to obtain statistical models to estimate the equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels as a function of temperature and relative humidity of air, as well as evaluate the effect of some production variables on the equilibrium moisture content of the panels. The experimental design consisted of six processing conditions, three air temperature and six relative humidity of air. In the processing conditions, were evaluated three different thicknesses of the strand particles (0.4, 0.7 and 1.0 mm), two apparent densities of panels (0.65 and 0.90 g/cm\ub3) and three levels of pressure in the pressing of the panels (40, 60 and 80 kgf/cm\ub2). For each treatment four panels were produced with the wood of Pinus taeda and 6% of phenol formaldehyde adhesive. In the evaluation of the experiment was considered a completely randomized design arranged in a factorial triple 6 x 6 x 3, in order words, six production variables (processing conditions), three air temperatures (30, 40 and 50\ub0C) and 6 relative humidity (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90%). The means were compared statistically by Scott-Knott test at the 5% level of significance. The modeling the equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels was performed with fit the multiple polynomial models for each treatment. Based on measurements of accuracy and the results can be concluded that: 1) it is recommended to use the model UEQ = \u3b20 + \u3b21UR + \u3b22UR\ub2 + \u3b23UR\ub3 + \u3b24Temp + \u3b5 for indirect estimation of equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels 2) The temperature shows linear influence on the equilibrium moisture content of the panels, while the relative humidity of air shows behaving of third order polynomial, and the relative humidity of air affects more pronouncedly the equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels than the ambient temperature; 3) In respect of the effect of production variables, the pressing of pressure of 80 kgf/cm\ub2 and the increased the thickness of the strand particles to 1.0mm thick promoted trend of reductions in average of the equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels. But the increased density of the panel promoted the trend of increasing of equilibrium moisture content of OSB panels; and 4) The use of multiple polynomial models allows that are produced contours to obtain the values of equilibrium moisture content of OSB as a function of relative humidity and temperature of the place where the panel is exposed, standing out for its convenience of use

TRANSFORMA\uc7\uc3O DA CASCA DE ARROZ EM UM PRODUTO DE MAIOR VALOR AGREGADO: POTENCIAL PARA A PRODU\uc7\uc3O DE PAIN\uc9IS PARTICULADOS

This work aimed to evaluate the quality of particleboards made with different formulations, varying adhesive content and rice husk ( Oryza sativa L.) proportions added to Cunninghamia lanceolata wood. Three adhesive contents (6, 9 and 12%) and three proportions of rice husk added to wood (25, 50 and 75%) were combined resulting in 9 formulations of particleboards. In order to analyze the influence of each raw material in the final quality of the boards, their chemical composition was determined, including extractive, ash, lignin and holocellulose contents. Regarding the particleboards, the following physical and mechanical properties were evaluated: water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), internal bonding (IB), parallel compression (PC), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending. For both mechanical and physical properties, average values showed that lower rice husk proportions and higher adhesive contents induced to better performance. Low lignin and high ash contents found in rice husks negatively influenced particleboard quality. Among the formulations tested, the inclusion of 25% of rice husk and 9% urea-formaldehyde presented the best results. Particleboards produced in this work are potential alternatives for general applications in dry conditions that do not require high mechanical resistance. Nevertheless, the process and formulations need to be adjusted in order to reach the requirements for more demanding structural applications.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de pain\ue9is particulados produzidos com diferentes formula\ue7\uf5es, variando percentagens de adesivo e casca de arroz ( Oryza sativa L.) adicionadas \ue0 madeira de Cunninghamia lanceolata . Tr\ueas teores de adesivo (6, 9 e 12%) e tr\ueas propor\ue7\uf5es de casca de arroz (25, 50 e 75%) foram combinados resultando em 9 formula\ue7\uf5es. Para analisar a influ\ueancia de cada mat\ue9ria-prima na qualidade final dos pain\ue9is, sua composi\ue7\ue3o qu\uedmica foi determinada de acordo com os teores de extrativos, componentes minerais, lignina e holocelulose. Os pain\ue9is aglomerados foram avaliados pelas seguintes propriedades f\uedsicas e mec\ue2nicas: absor\ue7\ue3o de \ue1gua (AA), inchamento em espessura (IE), liga\ue7\ue3o interna (LI), compress\ue3o paralela (CP), m\uf3dulo de elasticidade (MOE) e m\uf3dulo de ruptura (MOR) na flex\ue3o est\ue1tica. Os valores m\ue9dios das propriedades f\uedsicas e mec\ue2nicas demonstraram que menores teores de casca de arroz e maiores teores de adesivo ocasionaram melhor desempenho dos pain\ue9is. O baixo teor de lignina e alto teor de cinzas da casca de arroz influenciaram negativamente a qualidade dos pain\ue9is. Dentre as formula\ue7\uf5es avaliadas, pain\ue9is com inclus\ue3o de 25% de casca de arroz e 9% de ureia-formalde\ueddo apresentaram os melhores resultados. Os pain\ue9is produzidos neste trabalho s\ue3o alternativas potenciais para aplica\ue7\uf5es gerais em condi\ue7\uf5es secas que n\ue3o demandem alta resist\ueancia mec\ue2nica. No entanto, o processo e as formula\ue7\uf5es necessitam ser ajustados para aplica\ue7\uf5es estruturais mais exigentes