Evaluation of Microbial Reduction in Root Canals Instrumented with Reciprocating and Rotary Systems

Svrha: Ovim istraživanjem in vitro željela se procijeniti učinkovitost dezinfekcije korijenskih kanala nakon instrumentacije sistemom ReciprocTM i ProTaper UniversalTM, uz irigaciju 1-postotnim natrijevim hipokloritom (NaOCl). Materijali i metode: Četrdeset kanala jednokorijenskih mandibularnih premolara inficirano je bakterijama Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus i Candida albicans, a dvadeset kanala ostavljeno je bez infekcije. Uzorci su nasumično podijeljeni u šest grupa (n = 10): grupa 1: ProTaper UniversalTM + 1-postotni NaOCl; grupa 2 (pozitivna kontrola): ProTaper UniversalTM + fiziološka otopina; grupa 3 (negativna kontrola bez mikroorganizama): ProTaper UniversalTM + fiziološka otopina; grupa 4: ReciprocTM + 1-postotni NaOCl; grupa 5 (pozitivna kontrola): ReciprocTM + fiziološka otopina; grupa 6 (negativna kontrola bez mikroorganizama): ReciprocTM + fiziološka otopina. Rezultati: Kombinacija sistema ProTaper UniversalTM i 1-postotnog natrijeva hipoklorita potpuno je eliminirala sve mikroorganizme. Rast mikroorganizama uočen je pri korištenju sistema ReciprocTM i 1-postotnog natrijeva hipoklorita. Zaključak: Protokoli provedeni u ovom istraživanju pokazali su da sistem ReciprocTM uz 1-postotni NaOCl nije uspio u cijelosti eliminirati iz korijenskih kanala E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus i C. albicans.Objective: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the disinfection of root canal systems carried out with ReciprocTM and ProTaper UniversalTM systems using 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Methods: Forty human single-rooted mandibular premolars were infected with Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and twenty were not infected. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10): Group 1: ProTaper UniversalTM + 1% NaOCl; Group 2 (positive control): ProTaper UniversalTM + saline; Group 3 (negative control without microorganisms): ProTaper UniversalTM + saline; Group 4: ReciprocTM + 1% NaOCl; Group 5 (positive control): ReciprocTM + saline; Group 6 (negative control without microorganisms): ReciprocTM + saline. Samples were collected before and after the completion of specific treatments, and plated in specific media cultures. The Fisher exact test was used for the statistical analysis of differences in terms of presence or absence of microbial growth among groups. For all tested pathogens, significant differences (p < 0.001) were verified between the instrumentation systems used. Results: ProTaper UniversalTM associated with 1% NaOCl completely eliminated all microorganisms. Microbial growth, however, was observed when ReciprocTM was used associated with 1% NaOCl. Conclusion: According to the protocol executed for this study, the ReciprocTM system associated with 1% NaOCl was not able to completely eliminate E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. albicans from the root canal systems

Multicomponent systems with cyclodextrins and hydrophilic polymers for the delivery of Efavirenz

AbstractEfavirenz (EFZ) is one of the most used drugs in the treatment of AIDS and is the first antiretroviral choice. However, since it has low solubility, it does not exhibit suitable bioavailability, which interferes with its therapeutic action and is classified as a class II drug according Biopharmaceutical Classification System (low solubility and high permeability). Among several drug delivery systems, the multicomponent systems with cyclodextrins and hydrophilic polymers are a promising alternative for increasing the aqueous solubility of the drug. The present study aimed to develop and characterize in a ternary system of EFZ, MβCD and PVP K30. The results showed that the solid ternary system provided a large increase in the dissolution rate which was greater than 80% and was characterized by DSC, TG, XRD, FT-IR and SEM. The use of the ternary system (EFZ, MβCD and PVP K30 1%) proved to be a viable, effective and safe delivery of the drug. The addition of the hydrophilic polymer appeared to be suitable for the development of a solid oral pharmaceutical product, with possible industrial scale-up and with low concentration of CDs (cyclodextrins)

Nanostructured polymeric system based of cashew gum for oral admnistration of insulin

The subcutaneous administration of insulin has been the treatment of millions of diabetics in the world.However, for such via insulin is invasive and not mimics the physiological action causing side effects. Theoral route would be the most physiological and comfortable option, but the oral bioavailability of insulin islow by proteolytic activity and reduced permeability of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the study was todevelop a nanostructured system integrating biomaterials for oral insulin delivery. Cashew gum (CG) is apolysaccharide extracted from the exudate of the plant Anacardium occidentale. It is a biopolymer composedof simple sugars and glucuronic acid and it can be used in nanostructured systems for the incorporation ofmolecules. The exudate was isolated, dissolved in water, filtered, precipitated in ethanol and purified. TheCG was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and molecular weight by size exclusion chromatography.Nanoparticles were prepared through ionotropic gelation integrating cashew gum, dextran sulfate and poloxamercontaining insulin stabilized with chitosan, poly(ethyleneglycol) and coated with albumin. The particleswere analyzed for particle size, zeta potential and insulin entrapment efficiency. The FTIR spectrum for CGshowed a band at 3395 cm-1 due to the stretching vibration of O-H, a band at 2926 cm-1 of C-H vibrations;absorption at 1639 cm-1 of O-H type from bound water molecules and bands at 1143, 1073 and 1024 cm-1 duevibrations of the C-O-C from glycosidic bonds and O-H of alcohols. The peak molar mass of GC was 2.35 ×104 g/mol. The particles had a size of 156 nm and after coating, size of 5387 nm with 92% insulin entrapmentefficiency and zeta potential of -51 mV indicating electrostatic stabilization. The results suggest an innovativecashew gum base system for oral insulin administration.Keywords: Nanostructures, biomaterials, cashew gum, insulin, oral delivery