Polarization Correlations of 1S0 Proton Pairs as Tests of Bell and Wigner Inequalities

In an experiment designed to overcome the loophole of observer dependent reality and satisfying the counterfactuality condition, we measured polarization correlations of 1S0 proton pairs produced in 12C(d,2He) and 1H(d,He) reactions in one setting. The results of these measurements are used to test the Bell and Wigner inequalties against the predictions of quantum mechanics.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Search for Three-Nucleon Force Effects in Analyzing Powers for p→d Elastic Scattering

A series of measurements have been performed at KVI to obtain the vector analyzing power Ay of the 2H(p→,pd) reaction as a function of incident beam energy at energies of 120, 135, 150, and 170 MeV. For all these measurements, a range of ϑc.m. from 30° to 170° has been covered. The purpose of these investigations is to observe possible spin-dependent effects beyond two-nucleon forces. When compared to the predictions of Faddeev calculations, based on two-nucleon forces only, significant deviations are observed at all energies and at center-of-mass angles between 70° and 130°. The addition of present-day three-nucleon forces does not improve the description of the data, demonstrating the still insufficient understanding of the properties of three-nucleon systems

Systematic investigation of three-nucleon force effects in elastic scattering of polarized protons from deuterons at intermediate energies

The question, whether the high-quality nucleon-nucleon potentials can successfully describe the three-nucleon system, and to what extent three-nucleon forces (3NFs) play a role, has become very important in nuclear few-body physics. One kinematic region where effects because of 3NFs show up is in the minimum of the differential cross section of elastic nucleon-deuteron scattering. Another observable, which could give an indication about the contribution of the spin to 3NFs, is the vector analyzing power. To investigate the importance of 3NFs systematically over a broad range of intermediate energies, both observables of elastic proton-deuteron scattering have been measured at proton bombarding energies of 108, 120, 135, 150, 170, and 190 MeV, covering an angular range in the center-of-mass system between 30° and 170°. The results show unambiguously the shortcomings of calculations employing only two-body forces and the necessity of the inclusion of 3NFs. They also show the limitations of the results of the present day models for few-nucleon systems at backward angles, especially at higher beam energies. New calculations based on chiral perturbation theory are also presented and compared with the data at the lowest energy

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

A century of trends in adult human height

Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5-22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3-19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8-144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries

K- and L-shell ionization of heavy targets by various 20-and 80-MeV/u projectiles

K- and L-shell ionization induced by 20 MeV/u He, C, O, and Ne beams on Ta, Pb, and Th targets, and 80 MeV/u He, C, O beams on a Pb target has been studied. K x-ray production cross sections have been measured and compared with theoretical calculations. Probabilities of creation of one additional L-shell hole, accompanying a K-shell hole, have been deduced from experimental data, using the theoretical positions and intensities of the diagram and satellite K x-ray lines, obtained from the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations. This approach avoids explicit measurements of the L x-rays and can be applied with the use of a standard Ge detector

Direct neutron decay of the isoscalar giant dipole resonance

The direct and statistical neutron decay of the isoscalar giant dipole resonance has been studied in Zr-90, Sn-116, and Pb-208 using the (alpha, alpha' n) reaction at a bombarding energy of 200 MeV. The spectra of fast decay neutrons populating valence hole states of the Z, N - 1 nuclei were analyzed, and estimates for the branching ratios were determined. The observation of the nucleon-direct-decay channels helped to select giant-resonance strengths and suppress the underlying background and continuum, which led to an indication of the existence of a new mode with L = 2 character, presumably the overtone of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance

Evidence for direct neutron decay of the isoscalar giant dipole resonances in Zr-90, Sn-116, and Pb-208

The direct and statistical neutron decay of the isoscalar giant dipole resonance was studied in Zr-90, Sn-116, and Pb-208 using the (alpha,alpha(')n) reaction at a bombarding energy of 200 MeV. The spectra of fast decay neutrons populating valence hole-states of the Z,N-1 nuclei were analyzed, and estimates for the branching ratios were determined. The results were compared to recent continuum random-phase approximation calculations