DIAMETER BY BASAL AREA RATIO AND COMPETITION ZONES IN Eucalyptus saligna MONOCLONAL STAND

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a rela\ue7\ue3o do di\ue2metro e \ue1rea basal, as zonas de competi\ue7\ue3o, a densidade relativa e o autodesbaste em popula\ue7\uf5es monoclonais de Eucalyptus saligna Smith, com base em 238 parcelas permanentes distribu\ueddas em povoamentos com densidade completa, medidas dos 3 aos 18 anos de idade. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o modelo de densidade de Tang apresentou uma boa precis\ue3o e efici\ueancia. O autodesbaste tem in\uedcio quando a popula\ue7\ue3o atinge um di\ue2metro m\ue9dio de 8 cm, quando a densidade foi igual a 0,3446 (34,46 %), com linha do gradiente de 1,5818 (b). O m\ue1ximo incremento corrente anual em di\ue2metro ocorreu entre as idades de 14 e 15 anos quando as densidades eram de 12,5 e 25 % caracterizando a zona de crescimento livre de competi\ue7\ue3o entre os indiv\uedduos. A zona de aumento da competi\ue7\ue3o entre as densidades relativas de 25 e 50 % e a zona de iminente mortalidade ocorreu entre as densidades relativas de 50 e 100 %. O modelo permitiu estabelecer em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 densidade relativa, cinco zonas de concorr\ueancia no desenvolvimento da popula\ue7\ue3o, definidas por zonas de espa\ue7o excessivo, crescimento livre, aumento de competi\ue7\ue3o, estoque completo e iminente mortalidade.The present work was developed in order to study the relation among the diameter and the basal area, the competition zones, the relative density, and the self-tinning in Eucalyptus saligna Smith monoclonal stand, with 238 pair's data basis of permanent sampling by full density stand distribution, observed from 3 to 18 years old. The results obtained allowed to conclude that Tang's density model was very precise and efficient. The self-thinning begins when the population reaches an average diameter of 8 cm. The relative density was equal 34.46%, with line gradient of 1.5818 (b). The maximum current annual increment in diameter and between the relative densities was observed between the ages of 14 and 15 years when the relative densities were 12.5% and 25%, characterizing a free growth competition zone among the individuals of the population. The zone of increasing competition between the relative densities of 25 and 50% and the imminent mortality zone occurred between the relative densities of 50 and 100%. The density model allowed detecting five competition zones, in the development of the stands, defined by zones of: excessive space, free growth, increase of competition, complete stock and imminent mortality, in relation to the relative density of the population

Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Results From the CREDENCE Trial and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]).CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02065791