The ripple effect in family networks:Relational structures and well-being in divorced and non-divorced families.

Het aantal echtscheidingen in Europa is de afgelopen 50 jaar verdubbeld. Dit proefschrift gaat over de vraag waarom het met sommige families beter gaat na scheiding dan met andere in termen van relatiekwaliteit, conflict en welbevinden. Als ouders gaan scheiden heeft dit niet alleen gevolgen voor de relaties tussen gezinsleden, ouders en hun kind(eren), maar ook voor overige familieleden, zoals grootouders en ooms/tantes. Tegelijkertijd zijn deze familieleden een belangrijke vorm van steun voor het gezin. Ten eerste onderzochten we de aard en structuur van afhankelijkheden tussen familierelaties. We vonden dat de relatie van broers/zussen met hun ouders een belangrijke voorspeller van hun onderlinge broer-zus relatie is. Wanneer we naar het grotere familienetwerk kijken en wel/niet gescheiden families vergelijken zien we dat contact tussen de drie generaties in gescheiden families lager is dan in niet-gescheiden families. Minder contact met familie aan de ene kant van de familie gaat samen met meer contact met familie aan de andere kant, maar dit is niet sterker in gescheiden families. Ten tweede onderzochten we hoe familierelaties het welbevinden beïnvloeden. We bestudeerden ambivalente, dat wil zeggen tegelijk positieve en negatieve, familierelaties van moeders en zagen dat hoe moeders zijn ingebed in ambivalente driehoeksverhoudingen gevolgen heeft voor haar welbevinden. In een laatste studie, waarvoor familienetwerkdata onder gescheiden en niet gescheiden families in Lifelines werd verzameld, vonden we dat de combinatie van emotionele en praktische steun van anderen in de familie bijdraagt aan het welbevinden van familieleden. Ook hier vonden we geen verschillen tussen gescheiden en niet-gescheiden families.Over the last 50 years, the divorce rate in Europe has doubled. This thesis investigates why some families fare better than others after parental divorce regarding relationship quality, conflict and well-being. Parental divorce not only affects relationships in the nuclear family, i.e., parents and children, but also extended family members, i.e., grandparents and aunts/uncles. Extended family members can also be an important source of support for nuclear family members after divorce. First, we investigated the structure and nature of the interdependence of family relationships. In the nuclear family, we found that the quality of the relations between two siblings strongly depends on the relationships both siblings have with their parents. Studying the larger family network and comparing divorced and non-divorced families, we found that contact between the three generations is lower in divorced families compared to non-divorced families. Less frequent contact with one side of the family goes together with more frequent contact with the other side, similarly for divorced and non-divorced families. Second, we investigated how family relationships affect well-being. We analysed ambivalent, i.e., simultaneously positive and negative, family relationships of mothers and found that the pattern of ambivalent triads in which mothers are embedded has consequences for her well-being. In the final study, for which family network data were collected among divorced and non-divorced families in Lifelines, we showed that emotional combined with practical support from others in the family contributes to family members’ well-being. No differences were found between divorced and non-divorced families in these respects

Multi-Functional Ties and Well-Being in Family Networks before and after Parental Divorce

This family network study analyses family relationships and well-being from the perspectives of 144 children, parents, grandparents, aunts, and uncles in 41 families. The study investigates whether multi-functional family ties, i.e., ties that serve multiple needs simultaneously, are associated with higher well-being, and whether these multi-functional ties are especially important in families that have experienced parental divorce. Additionally, the study examines whether receiving such ties from nuclear or extended family members contributes to well-being. The results of the study indicate that receiving multi-functional ties is associated with higher well-being, especially when these ties are received from one’s nuclear family members. When comparing retrospective reports with prospective reports, family members from families that experienced parental divorce report an increase in well-being over time. However, this effect cannot be attributed to a change in the number of multi-functional ties received.</p

The demographic and economic framework of migration in Kuwait

GLMM - Gulf Labour Markets and MigrationAs of December 2012, 68 percent of residents in Kuwait were expatriates. Most come from Asia and especially from India (30 percent of all foreign residents). Three-quarters of expatriates are active. They account for 83 percent of the total active population and 93 percent of the private sector's workforce. Asians are mainly involved in the services and craft sectors, while Arabs more often fill managerial posts. Recent flows suggest a shift in recruitment policies towards upgrading the workforce's level of qualifications and occupations. Data also show the extent of forced migration from Kuwait: 400,000 Arabs, most of them of Palestinian origin, were forced to flee the country after the First Gulf War. Also, Kuwait's stateless residents (the Bidun) have been compelled to emigrate since 1985, while those still in the country are considered illegal residents.The GLMM programme is conducted by the Gulf Research Centre (GRC) and the Migration Policy Centre (MPC) and financed by the Open Society Foundations (OSF)

Demography, migration, and the labour market in the UAE

GLMM - Gulf Labour Markets and MigrationThe objective of the paper is to draw a sketch of UAE’s population and migration dynamics, using the scarce data available from the federal and emirate-level statistical bureaus. In 2010, expatriates in the UAE were estimated to number 7,316,073 persons, twenty times the 1975’s figure of 356,343. Foreign nationals thus made up 88.5 per cent of the country’s total population; most were believed to come from Asia and especially from India. In the employed population, foreign nationals accounted for an even larger share (96 per cent of the Dubai’s employed population in 2011). Non-Emiratis comprised 40 per cent of the UAE’s public sector’s workforce in 2013, but as much as 99.5 per cent of those employed in the private sector. Unlike in other GCC states, a quarter of working expatriates were in managerial posts, employed across all activities’ spectrum. Expatriates’ demographic expansion mounted during the 2000s, a period of spectacular economic growth fuelled by soaring oil prices. Since 2008’s financial downturn, however, the economy recovered and the hiring of foreign workers has resumed, stimulated by large-scale projects such as Dubai’s Expo 2020. Nonetheless, reforms in immigration policies are now undertaken, fuelled by security concerns and pressures from human rights’ protection bodies. The reality of some expatriates’ settlement is also witnessed in numbers (expatriate children aged 0-14 outnumbered Emirati children already in 2005), while mixed marriages are acknowledged in policies: some naturalisations of children of Emirati mothers have been performed since 2011.The GLMM programme is conducted by the Gulf Research Centre (GRC) and the Migration Policy Centre (MPC) and financed by the Open Society Foundations (OSF)

A Political Demography of the Refugee Question. Palestinians in Jordan and Lebanon: Between protection, forced return and resettlement

CARIM-South is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.Refugees from Palestine are one of the oldest refugee populations in the world. And UN General Assembly Resolution 194, which anchors Palestinian refugees’ claims for their right of return to Palestine, is now 63 years old. Yet, in Jordan and Lebanon, the refugees’ main host countries, the Palestinian presence grew in importance in domestic politics through the 2000s. In Lebanon there were the political debates surrounding the granting of some civil rights to Palestinian refugees, which culminated mid-2010. In Jordan, controversies over political naturalisation stir up violent political debates. This essay explores the reasons behind the fact that, in Jordan and Lebanon, granting civil rights to refugees raises a lot of concern. It also examines how the civil rights issue cannot be separated from that of the protection of the Palestinian “cause”, the right of return. More generally, the report investigates the various perceived challenges and the outreach of Palestinian refugees’ settlement (tawtin) in each of the two countries, before and after the late 1980s-early 1990s. Return and resettlement were taken as the two extremes of a similar demographic policy, and therefore, proved to be powerful political tools for regimes and political actors, at the local, regional and international levels. The theoretical framework of political demography and the “political economy” of Palestinian refugee trends and policies in Jordan and Lebanon also allowed for the Palestinian issue to be resituated in the history and the socio-political context of each country; thus revealing their specific challenges. The essay shows that the granting of civil rights to Palestinians is hampered by its politically-destabilising significance in host countries, where civil rights are constructed as citizenship-bound privileges. Therefore, debates on Palestinian refugees flag up deepening rifts within Jordanian and Lebanese citizenries, and diverging views on political “imagined communities” (Anderson, 1991). In Jordan, such a rift has been deepened by the recent emergence of nationalist movements and by the tensions which emerged in the wake of the Arab uprisings. Representations of national populations as closed, de jure and ethnic-based increasingly oppose views of nationhood as open, de facto and assimilationist.Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM

Demography, migration, and the labour market in Bahrain

GLMM - Gulf Labour Markets and MigrationMid-2013, estimates of Bahrain s population stood at 1,253,191 persons, of whom 638,361 (51 per cent) were foreign nationals. Most were from Asia (85 per cent) and especially from India (half of all foreign residents). Eighty per cent of expatriates are employed. They account for 77 per cent of the employed population and 81 per cent of the private sector s workforce. Asians are overwhelmingly involved in services and blue collar occupations, while Arabs more often fill managerial posts. Immigration flows to the Kingdom increased significantly over the 2000s, fuelled by high oil prices and the ensuing boom in the construction and services sectors. This demonstrates the difficulty to reconcile labour reforms, and especially, the Bahrainisation of the work force, with the maximisation of economic productivity.The GLMM programme is conducted by the Gulf Research Centre (GRC) and the Migration Policy Centre (MPC) and financed by the Open Society Foundations (OSF)

Darstellung des selbstmordes in der literatur des anfangs des 20. jahrhunderts anhand der beispiele von H. Hesse, A. Schnitzler und S. Zweig. In Bezug auf Freuds Selbstmordtheorie

In diesem Text werden drei Erzählungen analysiert nämlich Unterm Rad von Hermann Hesse, Fräulein Else von Arthur Schnitzler und Episode am Genfer See von Stefan Zweig. Es wurden diese Geschichten ausgewählt, um verschiedene Alter und Geschlechter abzuhandeln. Die Analyse beruht darauf, das Verhalten der drei Hauptfiguren, Hans, Else und Boris, gegenüber dem Selbstmord zu untersuchen. Hierfür wird Freuds, ihres Zeitgenossen, Psychoanalyse mit seiner Selbstmordtheorie benutzt. Zunächst wird erklärt, warum dieses Thema, Suizid, wichtig in der behandelten Literatur ist: Es gehört zu den dekadenten Themen, die anfangs des 20. Jahrhunderts häufig behandelt wurden; und warum diese Themen auftauchten. Es wird auch gezeigt, dass die Themen der Jahrhundertwendeliteratur lebten weiter, denn die Schriftsteller schrieben darüber weiter trotz der Veränderung der literarischen Mode. Dies ist der Fall von Zweig oder Schnitzler, deren hier behandelte Erzählungen jeweils 1921 und zwischen 1921 und 1923 entstanden. Um die Analyse der Charaktere entwickeln zu können, wird die Selbstmordtheorie Freuds beschrieben, aber nicht nur dies, sondern auch seine ersten Forschungen, die mit der Psychoanalyse zu tun haben, denn sie sind verbunden. So werden die zwei Instinkte, die Freud bekannt gegeben hat, erklärt: Eros und Thanatos. Auch die Unterteilung der Struktur des Individuums soll erklärt werden nämlich das Ich, das Es und das Über-Ich. Das Ich besteht aus dem Verstand und der Vernunft, das Es aus den Leidenschaften und Antrieben, und das Über-Ich aus den gesellschaftlichen Werten. Laut Freud ist Selbstmord die schlimmste Strafe des Über-Ichs an das Ich, weil das Ich ein Problem mit der Wirklichkeit nicht lösen kann. Dieses Problem ist normalerweise durch einen Verlust verursacht, der symbolisch oder materiell sein kann: Tod einer geliebten Person, Ablehnung, Probleme mit der Familie, wirtschaftliche Gründe usw. Dieser Verlust hat Wirkungen auf die Verhaltensweise der betroffenen Person, wie Apathie, Kummer oder Unwertgefühl. Um die Figuren der Werken mittels Freuds Psychoanalyse analysieren zu können, werden zuerst sowohl die Erzählungen zusammengefasst, als auch die Figuren charakterisiert. So können wir verstehen, warum sie reagieren wie sie es tun und warum sie die Entscheidung treffen, sich das Leben zu nehmen. So wird auch bestätigt, dass das Handeln der Figuren Freuds Theorie entspricht

Migration et politique au Moyen-Orient : populations, territoires, citoyennetés à l'aube du XXIème siècle.

revue des travaux théoriques traitant de la dimension politique des migrations internationales. Migration et politique au Moyen-Orient de nos jours.Comment l'analyse des dynamiques et politiques migratoires peut contribuer à éclairer les mutations géopolitiques en cours dans la région.migration ; migrations internationales ; politiques migratoires ; Moyen-Orient ; monde arabe ; migration et politique ; construction nationale ; nationalisme ; relations internationales ; role de l'Etat ; transnationalisme ; citoyenneté ; contrat social ; sécurité ; globalisation ; intégration régionale arabe ; géopolitique ; analyse institutionnelle des migrations ; théories des migrations.