Budgetary Separation of Powers in the American States and the Tax Level: A Regression Discontinuity Analysis

A political regime has budgetary separation of powers if the power with the prerogative to raise taxes is not the full residual claimant of a tax increase. In the American states two conditions are needed: the governor must have the line item veto, and the political interests of the legislative majority and the governor must not be perfectly aligned. Political alignment between the executive and the legislative depends on the numbers of seats the governor's party controls in the state legislature; it changes discontinuously as we move from a unifed to a divided government. We use regression discontinuity design to establish a causal relation between a divided government and lower tax rates in states with line item veto. In states with block veto such relation is not present. We estimate the jump in the tax level at the discontinuity semiparametrically.Separation of powers, line item veto, tax level, regression discontinuity, semiparametric.

FINAL REPORT Skills and quality jobs in construction in the framework of the European Green Deal and the post Covid Recovery

Technical Report commissioned by the Just Transition Centre-International Trade Union Confederation and the European Federation of Building and Wood Workers. The aim is to inform the client-institutions to take action. Therefore, it is an *impact product*

Potential of carbon markets for small farmers

While agriculture accounts for an estimated 10 to 14 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, its role as a mitigating force is receiving increasing attention. This discussion paper provides a quick overview of the literature on the climate change mitigation potential of agriculture, the regulatory and voluntary frameworks under which such a contribution could be rewarded, and the economic literature that focuses on agriculture’s participation in climate change mitigation efforts. While there is general agreement on the potential for mitigation, several barriers have prevented farmers from entering the so-called carbon markets. The paper reviews the main challenges faced by smallholder farmers in accessing such markets.carbon markets, Carbon sequestration, Smallholder farmers,

BIDs, Economic Recession and the Future of Stakeholder-led Public Realm Management

BIDs were introduced in the UK in 2003/2004 and their widespread adoption was linked to their ability to raise funds to invest in the locality, through a mandatory supplementary levy on business rates, voluntary contributions, sponsorship and public sector grants. However, the economic downturn has already restricted those sources of funding, and public sector spending cuts are likely to restrict them even further. This case-study research has investigated the impact recession and spending cuts have had and are still likely to have on the way BIDs operate, and has tried to identify the threats and opportunities to them as stakeholder-led instruments for the management of town centres and commercial and industrial areas

Space, politics and autoconstruction in two settlements in Rio: A comparison between the unplanned Morro do Timbau and the planned M Dias housing project

The thesis has its origin in the recognition that there is little knowledge of how squatter settlements and other unplanned housing environments are produced and how do they work in spatial terms. The thesis is structured around three main ideas which take the form of assumption by many authors writing in the subject of squatter settlements. These ideas are related to the concepts of neighbourhood unit, of leadership and community participation, and of social networks and marginality. The thesis uses two settlements in Rio, Brazil, to compare a planned with an unplanned environment. The empirical evidence of the two case studies are used to examine these there theoretical concepts and to describe the process of up-grading of the settlements. The term autoconstruction is used to name the phenomenon of social, political and spatial up-grading of the settlements

Labahitha nom.n., çàìåùàþùåå íàçâàíèå äëÿ Mystes Bristowe, 1938, ñ ïåðåîïèñàíèåì òèïîâîãî âèäà (Aranei: Filistatidae)

The monotypic genus Mystes Bristowe, 1938, and its type species, M. oonopiformis Bristowe, 1938, are redescribed based on the neotype male (designated here) and several females. The male is described for the first time and the female endogyne is illustrated for the first time. Morphological analysis reveals that the genus belongs to the Prithinae and is close to the Australian genera Wandella Gray, 1994 and Yardiella Gray, 1994. As the name Mystes is preoccupied by Mystes Champion, 1895 (Coleoptera: Melandryidae), we propose Labahitha nom.n. as a replacement name.Монотипичный род Mystes Bristowe, 1938, и его типовой вид M. oonopiformis Bristowe, 1938 переописываются по обозначенному здесь сам- цу-неотипу и нескольким самкам. Впервые для вида описываются самец и приводятся изображения эн- догины самки. Морфологические признаки этого рода указывают на то, что он принадлежит к под- сем. Prithinae и может быть близкородственным по отношению к Wandella Gray, 1994, и Yardiella Gray, 1994. Так как название Mystes преоккупировано ро- дом Mystes Champion, 1895 (Coleoptera: Melandryidae), мы предлагаем Labahitha nom. n. как замеща- ющее название.Fil: Zonstenin, Sergei L.. Steinhardt Museum Of Natural History, Tel-aviv Universi; IsraelFil: Marusik, Yuri M.. Institute For Biological Problems Of The North; RusiaFil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentin